Table 1 The characteristics of patients before and after PSM

Age, year

79.0 (73.0,84.0)

80.0 (73.0,85.0)

0.076

81.0 (75.0, 85.0)

81.0 (74.0, 85.0)

0.001

Sex (female), n (%)

534 (74.6)

195 (78.9)

0.104

353 (74.9)

123 (78.3)

0.080

BMI, kg/m²

22.6 (19.5,25.4)

23.4 (20.8,25.7)

0.171

22.9 (19.6, 25.8)

23.4 (20.6, 25.4)

0.034

Smoking, n (%)

59 (8.2)

18 (7.3)

0.036

44 (9.3)

14 (8.9)

0.015

ASA stage (> II), n (%)

359 (50.1)

154(62.3)

0.248

279 (59.2)

92 (58.6)

0.013

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

43 (6.0)

15 (6.1)

0.003

28 (5.9)

9 (5.7)

0.009

Major coexisting conditions

 COPD, n (%)

42 (5.9)

5 (2.0)

0.198

18 (3.8)

4 (2.5)

0.073

 Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

246 (34.4)

88 (35.6)

0.027

167 (35.5)

56 (35.7)

0.004

 Hypertension, n (%)

389 (54.3)

133 (53.8)

0.010

259 (55.0)

83 (52.9)

0.043

 Cardiovascular diseases, n (%)

144 (20.1)

47 (19.0)

0.027

103 (21.9)

30 (19.1)

0.068

 Cerebrovascular disease, n (%)

154 (21.5)

78 (31.6)

0.230

121 (25.7)

40 (25.5)

0.005

 Dementia

12 (1.7)

8 (3.2)

0.101

7 (1.5)

3 (1.9)

0.033

Surgical conditions

 Anesthesia method, n (%)

0.698

0.015

  Regional

481 (67.2)

99 (40.1)

274 (58.2)

92 (58.6)

  General

115 (16.1)

114 (46.2)

114 (24.2)

37 (23.6)

  Regional + General

120 (16.8)

34 (13.8)

83 (17.6)

28 (17.8)

 Fracture type, n (%)

0.093

0.041

  Intertrochanteric

311 (43.4)

96 (38.9)

202 (42.9)

70 (44.6)

  Femoral neck

400 (55.9)

149 (60.3)

264 (56.1)

85 (54.1)

  multiple locations

5 (0.7)

2 (0.8)

5 (1.1)

2 (1.3)

 Duration of surgery, min

100.0 (80.0,120.0)

95.0 (75.0,120.0)

0.024

100.0 (80.0, 120.0)

95.0 (75.0, 115.0)

0.076

 Emergency surgery, n (%)

14 (2.0)

4 (1.6)

0.025

9 (1.9)

2 (1.3)

0.051

Drug usage

 Benzodiazepines, n (%)

462 (64.5)

151 (61.1)

0.070

294 (62.4)

92 (58.6)

0.078

 Dexmedetomidine, n (%)

156 (21.8)

39 (15.8)

0.154

84 (17.8)

29 (18.5)

0.017

 Glucocorticoids, n (%)

213 (29.7)

104 (42.1)

0.260

161 (34.2)

57 (36.3)

0.044

 Droperidol, n (%)

99 (13.8)

26 (10.5)

0.101

63 (13.4)

18 (11.5)

0.058

Preoperative blood test

 WBC count, ×10⁹/L

6.9 (5.6, 8.6)

7.2 (5.5, 8.4)

0.009

6.9 (5.5, 8.6)

7.0 (5.5, 8.8)

0.024

 RBC count, ×10¹²/L

3.8 (3.4, 4.2)

3.8 (3.4, 4.2)

0.021

3.8 (3.4, 4.1)

3.8 (3.3, 4.1)

0.059

 Platelet, ×10⁹/L

215.0 (167.8,265.0)

222.0 (170.0,270.0)

0.038

216.0 (167.0, 266.5)

220.0 (171.0, 270.0)

0.019

 Albumin, g/L

34.9 (32.2, 37.7)

34.8 (32.4, 38.0)

0.004

34.9 (32.4, 37.6)

34.3 (32.5, 37.6)

0.051

 Creatinine, μmol/L

64.2 (54.3, 76.3)

63.70 (53.5, 78.6)

0.079

64.8 (55.3, 78.7)

63.5 (52.9, 78.7)

0.041

 Hemoglobin, g/L

115.0 (103.0, 126.0)

116.0 (103.0,127.5)

0.019

114.0 (103.0, 126.0)

115.0 (101.0, 127.0)

0.065

Postoperative conditions

 POD, n (%)

64 (8.9)

51 (20.6)

0.334

50 (10.6)

37 (23.6)

0.349