Table 2 Baseline characteristics of participants

Short sleep

Moderate sleep

Long sleep

P value

(n = 58)

(n = 388)

(n = 177)

Diff.

Trend

Sleep duration, h

5.7 ± 0.5

7.4 ± 0.5

9.0 ± 0.6

Male participants

23 (39.7)

175 (45.1)

98 (55.4)

0.033

Age

68.3 ± 5.6

67.7 ± 5.6

70.1 ± 5.8

< 0.001

0.035

60–69 years

34 (58.6)

255 (65.7)

90 (50.8)

0.004

70–79 years

23 (39.7)

126 (32.5)

76 (42.9)

≥80 years

1 (1.7)

8 (2.1)

11 (6.2)

BMI, kg/m²

23.4 ± 2.9

23.1 ± 2.9

22.7 ± 2.7

0.140

0.108

CES-D, range: 0–60

8.6 ± 8.3

6.5 ± 6.5

8.0 ± 6.8

0.010

0.571

MMSE, range: 0–30

29.0 ± 0.7

29.0 ± 0.8

28.9 ± 0.8

0.543

0.297

Education

0–7 years

1 (1.7)

1 (0.3)

4 (2.3)

0.143^†

8–15 years

52 (89.7)

342 (88.1)

155 (87.6)

≥ 16 years

5 (8.6)

46 (11.9)

18 (10.2)

Current smoker

3 (5.2)

48 (12.3)

32 (18.1)

0.028

Employment

15 (25.9)

147 (37.8)

48 (27.1)

0.019

Physical activity, MET-min/d

1961.9 ± 133.4

1921.7 ± 195.6

1814.8 ± 130.8

< 0.001

< 0.001

Using of hypnotics/sedatives/anxiolytics^‡

2 (3.4)

15 (3.9)

8 (4.5)

0.909

Stroke

3 (5.2)

20 (5.2)

9 (5.1)

0.999

Hypertension

26 (44.8)

138 (35.6)

78 (44.1)

0.087

Ischemic heart disease

8 (13.8)

28 (7.2)

23 (13.0)

0.048

Dyslipidemia

17 (29.3)

105 (27.1)

35 (19.8)

0.138

Diabetes mellitus

6 (10.3)

39 (10.1)

18 (10.2)

0.997

Nutritional intake

Energy, kcal/d

1987.2 ± 390.0

2046.5 ± 400.2

2033.7 ± 399.4

0.567

0.441

Protein, g/d

78.2 ± 17.4

80.9 ± 17.2

77.1 ± 16.0

0.041

0.671

Fat, g/d

52.9 ± 14.1

53.8 ± 13.7

50.4 ± 14.8

0.031

0.239

Carbohydrate, g/d

283.5 ± 53.9

293.4 ± 64.8

293.4 ± 56.1

0.504

0.289