Table 5 Pain categories and procedures used to assess pain
From: A systematic review of prevalence of pain in nursing home residents with dementia
Presence of pain | Assessment method | Author |
|---|---|---|
APS ≥ 3 | Staff assessment | [17] |
PainChek ≥ 7 | Staff assessment | [32] |
PAINAD > 0 | Staff assessment | |
PAINAD ≥ 2 | Staff assessment | |
Doloplus-2 ≥ 2 | Staff assessment | [62] |
FPS-R ≥ 0 | Self-reported | [63] |
VDS > no pain | Staff assessment, self-reported | [50] |
NRS > 0 | Self-reported Staff assessment | |
EQ-5D-3L pain item > 1 | Self-reported | [56] |
MDS 3.0 ≥ 1 of 5 previous days | Staff assessment Combination of self-report and staff assessment Self-reported | |
≥ 1 of 4 previous weeks | Self-reported | [54] |
≥ 1 of 7 previous days | Documented evidence | |
> 1 of 7 days the last week of life | Documented evidence | [18] |
≥ 5 of 30 previous days the second month after admission | Documented evidence | [7] |
≥ 1 of 30 previous days | Documented evidence | [13] |
≥ 5 of 30 days a month the three last months | Documented evidence | [7] |
≥ 1 of 90 previous days | Documented evidence | |
Clinically relevant pain | ||
MOBID-2 ≥ 3 | Staff assessment | |
Doloplus-2 ≥ 5 | Staff assessment | [61] |
PAINAD ≥ 2 | Staff assessment | [58] |
NRS ≥ 4 | Self-reported | [58] |
VDS ≥ moderate | Self-reported | [58] |
FPS-R ≥ third face | Self-reported | [58] |
Daily Pain | ||
RAI-MDS 2.0 Daily pain over 7Â days | Combination of self-report and staff assessment | [39] |
Chronic pain | ||
ICD-9-CM diagnoses | Diagnostic procedure | [11] |
Diagnoses and analgesics related to pain | Self-reported | [54] |
Intermittent pain | ||
Presence of pain at one of two time points (MDS 3.0 ≥ 1 of 5 previous days, assessment 3 months apart) | Combination of self-report and staff assessment | [57] |
Incidence | ||
No presence of pain at first time period and presence at next (average of ≥ 5 of 30 days a month the three last months, assessment 6 months apart) | Documented evidence | [7] |
Resolution | ||
Presence of pain at first time period and not at next (average of ≥ 5 of 30 days a month the three last months, assessment 6 months apart) | Documented evidence | [7] |
Persistent pain | ||
Presence at two consecutive time periods (average of ≥ 5 of 30 days a month the three last months, assessment 6 months apart) | Documented evidence | [7] |
 Persistent pain present if pain at both assessments (MDS 3.0 ≥ 1 of 5 previous days, assessment 3 months apart | Combination of self-report and staff assessment | [57] |
Pain impacting Quality of life | ||
Presence of pain impacting activities and/or sleep (MDS 3.0 ≥ 1 of 5 previous days on one or two specific items) | Self-reported | [51] |