Table 3 Relationship between pain and cognitive impairment and dementia

Cognitive function, n (%)

 Normal (MMSE scores 27 – 30)

112 (10.4)

95 (9.7)

reference

 Impairment¹ (MMSE scores 0–26)

0.98 (0.72—1.33)

.89

  Mild (20 – 26)

251 (23.4)

262 (26.7)

1.17 (0.84—1.63)

.35

  Moderate (10 – 19)

576 (53.6)

495 (50.4)

0.85 (0.62—1.18)

.33

  Severe (0 – 9)

136 (12.7)

131 (13.3)

0.90 (0.61—1.33)

.60

Cognitive function, n (%)

 Normal

280 (26.1)

303 (30.9)

reference

 Impairment² (Literacy with MMSE < 25 or illiteracy with MMSE < 14)

792 (73.9)

678 (69.1)

0.80 (0.65–0.98)

.029

Dementia, n (%)

  No

306 (10.8)

310 (16.1)

reference

  Yes

2523 (89.2)

1622 (84.0)

0.63 (0.53—0.75)^*

 < .0001^*

Dementia, n (%)

  No

306 (10.8)

310 (16.1)

Reference

 Had dementia diagnosis certificate from hospital

726 (25.7)

440 ( 22.8)

0.62 (0.50—0.76) ^*

 < .0001^*

 CDR ≥ 0.5 and MMSE < cutoff point^a

488 (17.3)

430 (22.3)

0.85 (0.69—1.04)

.12

 CDR ≥ 1 but MMSE ≥ cutoff point^a: must ask a neurologist for reconfirmation

1 (0.04)

2 (0.1)

1.96 (0.18—21.7)

.58

 CDR ≥ 1

1308 (46.2)

750 (38.8)

0.56 (0.46—0.67) ^*

 < .0001^*

Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR), n (%)

  0: No dementia

53 (2.1)

44 (2.7)

reference

  .5: very mild dementia

218 (8.7)

165 (10.2)

0.94 (0.60—1.48)

.79

  1: Mild dementia

304 (12.2)

248 (15.3)

1.00 (0.65—1.56)

.99

  2: Moderate dementia

429 (17.2)

242 (14.9)

0.72 (0.47—1.12)

.14

  3: Severe dementia

1489 (59.7)

921 (56.9)

0.78 (0.52—1.19)

.25