Table 1 Descriptive characteristics for the three subsamples (overall sample N = 1226)
|  | Living in LTC homes in Ticino (n = 176) | Living in the community in Ticino (n = 386) | Living in the community in Zurich (n = 664) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, M (SD) | 87.61 (6.45) | 76.24 (6.65) | 72.97 (6.08) | < 0.001 |
Women, n (%) | 143 (81.3) | 193 (50.0) | 315 (47.4) | < 0.001 |
Educational level, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
No education/ Not finished elementary school/ Primary school | 42 (24.9) | 34 (8.9) | 12 (1.8) | Â |
Secondary school | 53 (31.4) | 81 (21.1) | 288 (43.3) | Â |
High school | 65 (36.9) | 209 (54.4) | 118 (17.8) | Â |
University/Professional certificate | 9 (5.1) | 60 (15.6) | 246 (37.0) | Â |
Marital status, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
Single | 21 (11.9) | 30 (7.8) | 56 (8.4) | Â |
Married | 31 (17.6) | 235 (61.4) | 423 (63.7) | Â |
Civil union | 0 (0.0) | 5 (1.3) | 0 (0.0) | Â |
Divorced/Separated | 16 (9.1) | 41 (10.7) | 104 (15.7) | Â |
Widowed | 106 (60.2) | 72 (18.8) | 81 (12.2) | Â |
Languages spoken, n (%) |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
One | 66 (37.5) | 46 (11.9) | 54 (8.2) | Â |
Two | 61 (34.7) | 88 (22.9) | 98 (14.8) | Â |
Three | 33 (18.8) | 115 (29.9) | 188 (28.4) | Â |
Four | 13 (7.4) | 100 (26.0) | 210 (31.7) | Â |
Five | 3 (1.7) | 34 (8.8) | 89 (13.4) | Â |
Six or more | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.6) | 23 (3.5) | Â |
Language proficiency M (SD) | 11.65 (7.06) | 14.70 (7.83) | 13.79 (7.25) | < 0.001 |
Overall cognitive score, M (SD) | 21.40 (8.86) | 31.27 (3.63) | 33.80 (1.34) | < 0.001 |
Verbal Fluency, M (SD) | 7.35 (4.71) | 18.90 (6.30) | 23.98 (5.94) | < 0.001 |
Immediate and delayed memory performance, M (SD) | 8.09 (5.35) | 20.98 (6.61) | 28.10 (5.70) | < 0.001 |