Table 2 Study intervention characteristics
Author (year) Study country | Study objective | Frailty Framework | Frailty Domains Targeted | Characteristics of interventions | -Frequency -Duration -PIFU | Frailty Reversed? | Outcome of intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SINGLE-COMPONENT INTERVENTIONS | |||||||
Arrieta, 2019 [62] Spain | To determine the general effect of the intervention on frailty outcome. | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Balance, strength, and walking exercises at progressive to moderate intensity. | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 26wks PIFU = 6 m | No | Lower prevalence of frailty |
Brown, 2000 [63] USA | To determine the general effect of the intervention on physical frailty. | PPT ≤ 32 | Physical | Physical activity Strength, Balance, Sensation, Coordination and range of motion | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 12wks PIFU = NR | No | Decreased prevalence of frailty, increased physical performance test scores. |
Cesari, 2015 [64] USA | To determine the effect of physical activity in reducing frailty prevalence. | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Walking, Aerobic, Strength, Flexibility, and balance are all done at progressive intensities. | Freq= Weekly 1-2x/wk 3x/wk Dur = 52wks PIFU = NR | No | Frailty prevalence reduced. |
Coelho-Júnior, 2021 [67] Brazil | To determine the effects of the intervention on frailty status | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Resistance exercise at progressive to moderate intensity. | Freq = Daily Dur = 16wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Kim, 2020 [76] South Korea | To determine the effectiveness of interventions on cognitive and depressive functions. | Fried | Physical, Cognitive | Physical activity Aerobic, Strength, Flexibility. Exercise intensity not reported. | Freq = Monthly Dur = 12wks PIFU = NR | No | Improved mental state and cognitive function. |
Larsen, 2020 [73] Canada | To determine the effects of the intervention on frailty status | Frailty index | Physical | Physical activity Activity characteristics not reported | NR | Yes | |
Liao, 2019 [52] China | To determine the effectiveness of interventions on frailty status. | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Resistance, aerobic, balance, exergaming at progressive intensities. | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 12wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Losa-Reyna, 2019 [70] Spain | To determine the effect of the intervention on physical and frailty outcomes. | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Resistance, Strength, Aerobic performed at high intensity. | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 6wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Nagai, 2018 [53] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on the physical and mental outcomes of frail individuals | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Resistance at progressive intensity | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 24wks PIFU = NR | No | Increased physical strength, decreased frailty score, no significance in frailty status. |
Sadjapong, 2020 [56] Thailand | To determine the effect of intervention in reversing frailty and functional outcome | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Aerobic, balance, resistance at progressive moderate to high intensity. | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 24wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Sahin, 2018 [57] Turkey | To determine the effectiveness of the intervention on functional outcome | Fried | Physical | Physical activity Balance exercise at low and high intensities. | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 8wks PIFU = NR | No | Increased SPPB score (better in HI group), Increased Barthel index score, decreased fatigue severity, increased muscle strength. |
Takatori, 2021 [74] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on frailty reversal. | Kihon checklist | Social | Social activity Enhance social capital, such as interaction with neighbours, trust in the community, etc. | NR | Yes | |
Torres-Sánchez, 2017 [60] Spain | To determine the effect of the intervention on disability | Frailty index | physical | Physical activity Pedal exercise | Freq = NR Dur = Based on length of stay at the institution PIFU = NR | No | Increased exercise capacity, increased muscle strength, increased balance |
Vestergaard, 2008 [61] Denmark | To determine the effect of the intervention on functional outcome | NR | Physical | Physical activity Aerobic, Flexibility, Balance, Strength done at progressive intensities | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 20wks PIFU = NR | No | Improved functional outcomes such as walking speed, biceps & handgrip strength, balance, and mobility. |
MULTICOMPONENT INTERVENTIONS | |||||||
Abizanda, 2015 [20] Spain | To determine the effect of intervention in improving functionality | Fried | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Flexibility, balance, strength. Intensity not reported. Nutrition = Supplements | Freq = 5x/wk Dur = 3yrs PIFU = NR | No | Increased nutritional and functional status |
Cadore, 2014 [75] Spain | To determine the effect of the intervention on falls and functional outcome | Fried | Physical Cognitive | Physical activity + Cognitive Exercise = Walking, Balance, Resistance. Intensity not reported Cognitive = cognitive exercise | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 24wks PIFU = 6 m | No | No significance on any of the physical outcomes assessed. |
Cameron, 2013 [66] Australia | To determine the effectiveness of intervention in reducing frailty and improving mobility | Fried | Physical Psychological Social | Physical activity + nutrition + social intervention Exercise = Balance exercise at moderate intensity Nutrition = Home delivered meals, supplements Social = increased access to social interactions | Freq = 3-5x/wk Dur = NR PIFU = NR | No | Decreased frailty score by 0.80, Increased SPPB |
Chin A Paw, 2001 [65] Netherlands | To determine the effect of the intervention on functional outcome | Chin a Paw | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Strength, Flexibility, and Endurance done progressively. Nutrition = supplements | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 26wks PIFU = NR | No | Slight increase in ADL score, increased fitness and balance, no effect on disability score |
de Souto Barreto, 2018 [24] France | To determine the association of intervention with frailty severity. | Frailty index | Physical Cognitive | Physical activity + Nutrition + Cognitive Exercise = Advice on varying exercises Nutrition = counseling Cognitive = Memory and reasoning training | Freq = Monthly Dur = 24wks PIFU = NR | No | Though no significant effect on frailty severity, it has a higher chance of reducing frailty development. |
Fiatarone, 1994 [68] USA | To determine the effect of intervention in reducing frailty | NR | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Resistance exercise done progressively at high intensity. Nutrition = supplements | Freq = 3x/wk Dur = 10wks PIFU = NR | No | Increased physical activity, increased muscle strength, increased gait velocity. |
Hergott, 2020 [19] USA | To determine the effect of intervention in reversing frailty | CFS | Physical | Physical activity + occupational therapy + speech therapy Physical activity = Types of activities not identified. Exercises done at progressive intensities. occupational therapy = No further details presented Speech therapy = No further details presented | Freq = 12 h/week Dur = 17 wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Imaoka, 2016 [49] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on falls | NR | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Resistance, Balance, Strength at low frequencies. Intensities not reported. Nutrition = supplements | Freq = 2x & 3x weekly Dur = 24wks PIFU = 6 m | No | Rate of falls decreased by 72.4% |
Kim, 2015 [23] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on frailty status | Fried | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Resistance, Balance, Strength, and Gait training at progressive intensities Nutrition = Supplements | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 8wks (4 + 4 wks) PIFU = 1 m | Yes | |
Lammes, 2012 [50] Sweden | To determine the effect of the intervention on body composition. | Chin a Paw | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Aerobic, Strength, Balance progressively at low-intensity. Nutrition = Counseling | Freq = 2x/ wk Dur = 52wks PIFU = 6 m | No | No effect on body composition, no effect on energy intake, Increased RMR. |
Li ,2010 [51] China | To determine the effect of the intervention on frailty status | Fried | Physical Social Psychological Cognitive | Activities designed per participant’s need. | Specific to participant’s needs | No | No significant outcome on frailty status and Barthel index. |
Liu, 2017 [69] China | To determine the general effect of the intervention | Fried | Physical Psychological | Physical activity + Behavioral intervention Exercise = Aerobic, Balance, Resistance at progressive intensities Behavioral = Motivational enhancement | Freq = weekly Dur = NR PIFU = NR | No | Increased physical endurance, increased rate of participation in activities. |
Ng, 2015 [22] Singapore | To determine the effect of intervention in reversing frailty | Fried | Physical Cognitive | Physical activity + Nutrition + cognitive Exercise = Resistance, Balance at increasing progressive intensities Nutrition = supplements Cognitive = Stimulate short-term memory, enhance attention, information processing, reasoning, and problem-solving skills | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 12wks PIFU = 6 m | Yes | |
Ng, 2017 [54] Singapore | To determine the effect of the intervention on depressive symptoms | Fried | Physical Cognitive | Physical activity + Nutrition + cognitive Exercise = Resistance, Balance at increasing progressive intensities Nutrition = supplements Cognitive = Stimulate short-term memory, enhance attention, information processing, reasoning, and problem-solving skills | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 12wks PIFU = 6 m | No | No significance on GDS |
Oh, 2021 [71] South Korea | To determine the general effect of the intervention | Fried + Frailty index | Physical Social Cognitive Psychological | Physical activity + Nutrition + Social + Pharmaceutical + Psychological Exercise = Resistance, Balance, Aerobic at progressive intensities Nutrition = supplements Social = Increase access to social interactions Psychological = psychotherapy Pharmaceutical = deprescription and depression management | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 12 wks PIFU = 18 m & 30 m | No | Lower frailty phenotype & frailty index scores. No statistically significant difference in CES-D score. No statistically significant prevalence of polypharmacy. Lower rates of mortality. Lower rates of long-term care institutionalization. |
Rydwik, 2010 [55] Sweden | To determine the effect of the intervention on functional outcome | Chin a Paw | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition Exercise = Aerobic, Strength, Balance progressively at moderate intensity. Nutrition = Counseling + supplements | Freq = 2x/wk Dur = 52wks PIFU = 2yrs | No | No significant changes in physical activity. No effects on ADLs |
Seino, 2017 [58] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on frailty status | Check-List 15 | Physical, Psychological, Social | Physical + Nutrition + Social intervention Exercise = Resistance exercise at progressive intensity. Nutrition = counseling Social = Improve social skills, increase social support, and increase access to social interactions & community gatherings. Structured counselling, relapse prevention. | Freq = 1x q 2 wks Dur = 12wks PIFU = NR | No | Decreased prevalence of frailty, increased social participation |
Tarazona-Santabalbina, 2016 [59] Spain | To determine the effect of intervention in reversing frailty and improving functional outcome | Fried | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition. Exercise = Proprioception, Aerobic, Strength, Stretching Nutrition = Counseling | Freq = 5x/wk Dur = 24wks PIFU = NR | Yes | |
Ushijima, 2021 [72] Japan | To determine the effect of the intervention on functional outcome | Fried | Physical | Physical activity + Nutrition + Pharmaceutical Exercise = Resistance, aerobic at individually tailored intensities Nutrition = counseling Pharmaceutical = Medication guidance, CPR resuscitation practice | Freq = 3-5x/wk Dur = 12 wks PIFU = 30 m | Yes | |