Table 5 Results of generalized linear mixed effects models for cognitive reserve predictors and global cognition scores over the course of follow-up

Estimate (95% CI)

Standard Error

p-value

Education

2.29 (1.91, 2.67)

0.19

 < .001

Managerial level occupation

-0.60 (-1.37, 0.18)

0.40

.133

Professional level occupation

1.81 (1.00, 2.62)

0.41

 < .001

Occupational cognitive requirements score

0.35 (-0.06, 0.75)

0.21

.094

Leisure activities

 Age 18

1.48 (1.12, 1.85)

0.19

 < .001

 Late life

1.15 (0.78, 1.51)

0.19

 < .001

Cognitive activities

 Age 6

0.75 (0.37, 1.13)

0.20

 < .001

 Age 12

1.03 (0.66, 1.39)

0.19

 < .001

 Age 18

1.14 (1.05, 1.77)

0.18

 < .001

 Age 40

1.37 (1.00, 1.74)

0.19

 < .001

 Late life

1.68 (1.29, 2.06)

0.20

 < .001

Mood and personality

1.05 (0.70, 1.41)

0.18

 < .001

Intelligence quotient

2.75 (2.39, 3.10)

0.18

 < .001

Years of language training

0.07 (-0.36, 0.50)

0.22

.751

Physical activities in late life

-0.13 (-0.50, 0.24)

0.19

.478

Income

 Age 40

0.36 (-0.04, 0.77)

0.21

.078

 Late life

1.16 (0.76, 1.55)

0.20

 < .001

Mobility

0.59 (0.23, 0.96)

0.19

.001

Body mass index

0.19 (-0.18, 0.56)

0.19

.321

Social activities in late life

0.51 (0.14, 0.88)

0.19

.007

Marriage status

1.16 (0.33, 1.99)

0.42

.006

Social network size

0.59 (0.21, 0.97)

0.19

.002

Perceived social isolation

0.95 (0.59, 1.32)

0.19

 < .001

Any history of smoking

0.22 (-0.54, 0.99)

0.39

.565

Parental education

1.50 (1.13, 1.88)

0.19

 < .001

Perceived social support

0.33 (-0.05, 0.71)

0.19

.085

Retirement

-1.38 (-2.53, -0.23)

0.59

.018

Adverse childhood experiences

1.05 (0.69, 1.41)

0.19

 < .001

CRIq-based score

2.00 (1.61, 2.39)

0.20

 < .001

LEQ-based score

2.22 (1.83, 2.60)

0.20

 < .001

Lifecourse CR Score

2.44 (2.08, 2.80)

0.18

 < .001