Systematic examination of methodological inconsistency in operationalizing cognitive reserve and its impact on identifying predictors of late-life cognition

Table 3 Dimensions, factors, and observed variables of preliminary confirmatory factor analysis models

Dimensions	Factors	Observed Variables
Leisure Activities	Age 18 experiences	Attending concerts, plays, or musicals
		Taking music lessons
		Taking art, dance, or theatre lessons
	Late life experiences	Volunteering
		Traveling
		Going to restaurants or sporting events
Social Characteristics/Activities	Late life experiences	Participation in clubs and groups
Social Characteristics/Activities		Visiting relatives
		Going to church
		Going to restaurants or sporting events
		Volunteering
	Social features	Social network size
		Perceived social isolation
		Perceived social support
		Playing team sports at age 12
Cognitive Activities	Age 6 experiences	Playing games
		Reading
		Hearing stories
	Age 12 experiences	Playing games
		Reading
		Going to the library
		Reading the newspaper
		Reading magazines
		Writing letters
		Playing team sports
	Age 18 experiences	Playing games
		Reading
		Going to the library
		Reading the newspaper
		Reading magazines
		Writing letters
		Years of foreign language training through age 18
	Age 40 experiences	Playing games
		Reading
		Going to the library
		Reading the newspaper
		Reading magazines
		Writing letters
	Late life experiences	Playing games
		Reading
		Going to the library
		Reading the newspaper
		Reading magazines
		Writing letters
Socioeconomic Status	Parental, genetic, youth	Adverse childhood experiences
	Parental, genetic, youth	Intelligence quotient
		Parental education
		Years of foreign language training through age 18
		Playing team sports at age 12
	Adult experiences	Job attainment level
		Education
		Income at age 40
		Income in late life

ISSN: 1471-2318