Table 2 Cognitive reserve operationalization and available MAP variables used in analyses
Proxy Categories for Cognitive Reserve Operationalization | Corresponding Observed Variables form MAP |
|---|---|
Education | Years of formal education |
Occupation | |
 Attainment level | Job attainment level (professional, managerial, operative and service workers) |
 Cognitive requirements | Occupational cognitive requirements score |
Leisure activities | Frequency of activities |
 Age 18 | Attending concerts, plays, or musicals; taking music lessons; taking art, dance, or theatre lessons |
 Late life | Volunteering, traveling |
Cognitive activities | Frequency of activities |
 Age 6 | Playing games, reading, hearing stories |
 Age 12 | Playing games, reading, going to the library, reading the newspaper, reading magazines, writing letters, playing team sports |
 Age 18 | Playing games, reading, going to the library, reading the newspaper, reading magazines, writing letters |
 Age 40 | Playing games, reading, going to the library, reading the newspaper, reading magazines, writing letters |
 Late life | Playing games, reading, going to the library, reading the newspaper, reading magazines, writing letters |
Mood and personality | Depression symptoms [31] |
Intelligence quotient | National Adult Reading Test [32] |
Bilingualism | Years of training in a foreign language |
Physical activities | Frequency of physical activity in late life |
Socioeconomic status | |
 Age 40 | Income level |
 Late life | Income level |
Physical function | |
 Mobility | Mobility [33] |
 Body measurements | Body mass index |
Social activities | Frequency of activities in late life: participation in clubs and groups, visiting relatives, going to church, going to restaurants or sporting events |
Marriage status | Marriage status in late life |
Social network | |
 Size | Social network size |
 Isolation | Perceived social isolation in late life |
Substances | Any history of smoking |
Parental education | Average years of formal education for father and mother |
Social support | Perceived social support |
Retirement | Retirement status in late life |
Adverse childhood experiences | Total adverse experiences during childhood |