Table 1 Participant characteristics and test results at baseline in total sample and stratified by conversion to dementia

Age, years, mean ± SD (min–max)

70.7 ± 9.1 (39–91)

74.2 ± 7.4 (56–91)

66.9 ± 9.2 (39–91)

Female, n (%)

85 (45.7)

51 (52.0)

34 (38.6)

University education, n (%)

81 (43.5)

39 (39.8)

42 (47.7)

Married or cohabiting, n (%)

122 (65.6)

60 (61.2)

62 (70.1)

Follow-up time, years, median (min–max)

3.7 (0.1–6.1)

2.3 (0.1–6.1)

4.0 (0.1–5.5)

Test Result

Standardized difference

MMSE score

27.5 (25–29)

26 (24–28)

28 (27–29)

0.80

Clock drawing score

7.0 (6.0–7.0)

6.0 (5.0–7.0)

7.0 (7.0–7.0)

0.39

Verbal fluency score

17.0 (13.0–23.0)

15.5 (12.0–19.0)

20.0 (15.0–25.0)

0.59

Depressive symptoms, n (%)^a

45 (24.3)

21 (21.4)

24 (27.6)

-

TUG, s

12.0 (10.3–14.2)

12.8 (11.2–15.0)

11.3 (9.7–12.8)

0.37

TUGdt-NA, s

13.3 (11.4–15.9)

14.1 (12.2–17.5)

12.0 (10.8–14.4)

0.49

TUGdt-NA cost, %

11.6 (3.6–18.3)

12.2 (3.9–21.3)

11.1 (3.5–14.9)

0.10

TUGdt-NA, number of animals

6.0 (5.0–8.0)

6.0 (5.0–7.8)

7.0 (6.0–8.0)

0.46

TUGdt-NA, animals/10 s

4.6 (3.3–6.1)

3.8 (2.8–5.1)

5.4 (4.2–6.4)

0.83

TUGdt-MB, s

13.5 (11.8–16.5)

14.8 (12.6–18.1)**

12.6 (10.9–15.2)

0.46

TUGdt-MB cost, %

14.2 (3.4–27.1)

18.7 (4.3–28.5)**

11.3 (3.1–25.2)

0.55

TUGdt-MB, number of months

7.0 (4.0–9.0)

6.0 (3.8–8.3)**

7.5 (6.0–9.0)

0.30

TUGdt-MB, months/10 s

4.8 (2.9–6.5)

4.1 (2.2–5.7)**

5.5 (3.9–7.7)

0.54