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Table 2 Results from sequentially adjusted logistic regression analysis examining the association between number of public transit stops per square mile within a participant’s census tract and self-reported ever walking for exercise in the last month (n = 4,836)

From: Public transit stop density is associated with walking for exercise among a national sample of older adults

 

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

Model 4

Model 5

 

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

OR

95% CI

Density of transit stops (stops/mi2)

          

 X = 0

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 0 < X ≤ 10

1.32*

(1.07, 1.63)

1.30*

(1.05, 1.60)

1.25*

(1.01, 1.54)

1.24*

(1.00, 1.52)

1.20

(0.96, 1.49)

 X > 10

1.36**

(1.10, 1.67)

1.43**

(1.16, 1.76)

1.36**

(1.11, 1.67)

1.31**

(1.07, 1.60)

1.32**

(1.08, 1.61)

Type of Respondent

          

 Self-report

  

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Proxy

  

0.61*

(0.41, 0.92)

0.64*

(0.42, 0.95)

1.13

(0.74, 1.73)

1.04

(0.68, 1.59)

Age

          

 68 to 69

  

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 70 to 74

  

0.98

(0.73, 1.32)

0.98

(0.73, 1.32)

0.95

(0.71, 1.27)

0.95

(0.71, 1.28)

 75 to 79

  

0.74*

(0.56, 0.98)

0.75

(0.57, 1.00)

0.81

(0.62, 1.06)

0.82

(0.63, 1.06)

 80 to 84

  

0.60**

(0.45, 0.81)

0.63**

(0.47, 0.84)

0.77

(0.58, 1.03)

0.76

(0.58, 1.00)

 85 to 89

  

0.55***

(0.40, 0.74)

0.57***

(0.42, 0.77)

0.84

(0.63, 1.11)

0.83

(0.64, 1.09)

 90+

  

0.47***

(0.35, 0.64)

0.50***

(0.37, 0.67)

0.94

(0.68, 1.32)

0.93

(0.67, 1.28)

Gender

          

 Male

  

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Female

  

0.78**

(0.66, 0.91)

0.79**

(0.68, 0.93)

0.88

(0.75, 1.02)

0.89

(0.76, 1.04)

Race and Ethnicity

          

 White Non-Hispanic

  

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Black Non-Hispanic

  

0.76**

(0.62, 0.92)

0.83

(0.68, 1.02)

0.94

(0.74, 1.20)

0.99

(0.78, 1.25)

 Other

  

1.36

(0.90, 2.05)

1.53*

(1.01, 2.34)

1.63*

(1.02, 2.58)

1.66*

(1.03, 2.69)

 Hispanic

  

1.19

(0.86, 1.66)

1.41

(1.00, 1.99)

1.57**

(1.14, 2.14)

1.61**

(1.15, 2.26)

Marital Status

          

 Married

  

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Living with a partner

  

1.08

(0.71, 1.65)

1.15

(0.75, 1.77)

1.21

(0.76, 1.93)

1.27

(0.81, 2.00)

Separated/divorced

  

1.06

(0.84, 1.33)

1.09

(0.86, 1.38)

1.17

(0.90, 1.52)

1.19

(0.91, 1.54)

 Widowed

  

0.88

(0.72, 1.07)

0.91

(0.75, 1.11)

0.99

(0.80, 1.23)

0.98

(0.78, 1.21)

 Never married

  

0.63*

(0.41, 0.97)

0.65

(0.42, 1.03)

0.75

(0.47, 1.19)

0.76

(0.48, 1.21)

Number of People in Social Network

  

1.20***

(1.13, 1.27)

1.18***

(1.11, 1.25)

1.17***

(1.10, 1.24)

1.15***

(1.09, 1.22)

Education

          

 Less than high school

    

0.93

(0.73, 1.18)

0.99

(0.78, 1.25)

0.99

(0.77, 1.26)

 High school

    

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 More than high school

    

1.43***

(1.20, 1.71)

1.28*

(1.06, 1.54)

1.23*

(1.03, 1.48)

Home ownership

          

 No

    

ref

 

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

    

1.01

(0.85, 1.20)

0.89

(0.74, 1.06)

0.92

(0.77, 1.11)

Vision impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

0.90

(0.68, 1.20)

0.91

(0.69, 1.21)

Hearing impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

1.00

(0.86, 1.16)

0.99

(0.84, 1.15)

Mobility impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

0.27***

(0.22, 0.32)

0.27***

(0.22, 0.32)

Cognitive impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

0.90

(0.76, 1.06)

0.92

(0.77, 1.10)

Self-Care impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

0.88

(0.71, 1.10)

0.87

(0.71, 1.07)

Communication impairment

          

 No

      

ref

 

ref

 

 Yes

      

0.92

(0.67, 1.27)

0.91

(0.65, 1.26)

Metro area

          

 Metro

        

ref

 

 Nonmetro

        

0.84

(0.63, 1.12)

Residential duration

          

 < 5 years

        

ref

 

 >= 5 years

        

0.68**

(0.53, 0.86)

Neighborhood physical disorder

          

 None

        

ref

 

 Any

        

0.95

(0.69, 1.30)

 Missing

        

0.83

(0.52, 1.34)

Social cohesion

          

 Agree a lot

        

ref

 

 Agree a little

        

0.73**

(0.60, 0.90)

 Do not agree

        

0.65**

(0.49, 0.85)

 Missing

        

0.41***

(0.31, 0.54)

  1. Abbreviations: OR = Odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; NHATS = National Health and Aging Trends Study
  2. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001
  3. Note. Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, marital status, and number of people in social network. Model 3: model 2 + education and homeownership. Model 4: model 3 + vision impairment, hearing impairment, mobility impairment, cognitive impairment, self-care impairment, and communication impairment. Model 5: model 4 + metropolitan status, residential duration, neighborhood physical disorder, and social cohesion