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Table 3 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the contribution of quartiles of protein, animal protein, protein-rich food, plant protein, and n-3PUFA intake to death over a 3.5-year period

From: Dietary protein intake and all-cause mortality: results from The Kawasaki Aging and Wellbeing Project

 

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

P trend

HR

95%CI

HR

95%CI

HR

95%CI

Model 1

        

 Protein (%E)

ref

1.15

0.69–1.94

0.63

0.35–1.16

0.45

0.22–0.88

0.006

 Animal protein (%E)

ref

1.09

0.63–1.88

0.93

0.53–1.64

0.53

0.27–1.03

0.06

 Plant protein (%E)

ref

0.85

0.48–1.49

0.79

0.43–1.42

0.61

0.33–1.14

0.12

 Fish (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

0.89

0.50–1.58

1.04

0.60–1.80

0.46

0.22–0.93

0.08

 Meats (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

0.69

0.38–1.26

0.76

0.42–1.38

0.83

0.46–1.50

0.57

 Eggs (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

1.12

0.63–2.00

1.18

0.67–2.07

0.67

0.33–1.37

0.48

 Dairy products (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

1.05

0.60–1.82

0.77

0.41–1.41

0.55

0.28–1.11

0.08

 n-3PUFA (%E)

ref

0.77

0.44–1.35

0.68

0.38–1.22

0.53

0.28–1.00

0.043

Model 2

        

 Protein (%E)

ref

1.11

0.66–1.88

0.67

0.36–1.22

0.44

0.22–0.90

0.010

 Animal protein (%E)

ref

1.05

0.60–1.83

1.03

0.58–1.83

0.53

0.26–1.05

0.11

 Plant protein (%E)

ref

0.81

0.46–1.42

0.75

0.41–1.36

0.58

0.33–1.07

0.08

 Fish (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

0.89

0.51–1.58

1.14

0.65–1.98

0.48

0.23–0.97

0.13

 Meats (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

0.67

0.37–1.21

0.70

0.38–1.28

0.82

0.45–1.49

0.51

 Eggs (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

1.19

0.67–2.12

1.22

0.69–2.14

0.69

0.34–1.41

0.52

 Dairy products (g/1,000 kcal)

ref

1.01

0.58–1.76

0.77

0.42–1.42

0.55

0.28–1.10

0.07

 n-3PUFA (%E)

ref

0.82

0.47–1.44

0.72

0.36–1.30

0.56

0.26–1.06

0.08

  1. Covariates: Model 1 included age, sex, SMI, secondary education, cancer, and CVD; Model 2 included Model 1 plus serum albumin levels
  2. P-value for the trends of association among each quartile group of protein intake or other continuous variables
  3. Abbreviations: HR: hazard ratio, CI: confidence interval