Table 4 Clinical outcomes of included studies

Balsom C. [24]

Cognitive performance*, depression*, pain*, social engagement, health status, and activities of daily living

Survival

Boyé NDA. [25]

Time since the first fall*

Time since the second fall*

Campbell NL. [26]

Delirium severity*

Mortality rate

Falls number*

Pressure ulcer*

Cateau D. [28]

Number of complaints

QoL

Falls number*

Mortality rate

Cateau D. [29]

Falls number per resident*

Falls number per year*

Mortality rate

Curtin D. [32]

Falls number*

Nonvertebral fracture number*

QoL

Death number

Dalleur O. [33]

Clinical relevance

Eveleigh R. [35]

General distress and depressive symptoms*

Somatic comorbidity*

Gedde MH. [36]

Behavioral and psychological symptom of dementia*

Activities of daily living

Gulla C. [38]

Blood pressure*

Death number

Hah JM. [39]

Adverse drug reactions*

Time to surgical recovery

Time to pain cessation*

Ee C.[40]

Constipation*

Other symptom recurrence

Adverse drug withdrawal events

Kersten H. [41]

Cognitive function*

Mouth dryness*

Kua CH. [42]

Fall rate*

Fall risk*

Functional status

Mortality rate

Cognitive status*

Potter K. [45]

Falls number*

Nonvertebral fracture number*

Cognitive function*

Physical function*

Bowel function*

QoL

General health

Sleep quality*

Survival

Rieckert A. [46]

Composite outcome: death + system outcome

Mortality cause

Falls number*

Recorded fractures number*

Adverse drug reactions

QoL

Sathienluckana T. [47]

Cognitive function*

Psychiatric symptoms*

Proportions of patients who had a clinical response of psychopathological symptoms*

Smeets CHW. [48]

Neuropsychiatric symptoms*

Sullivan MD. [49]

Pain severity*

QoL

Anxiety*

Insomnia*

Confidence in ability to do tasks and activities despite pain

Somatic symptom severity*

Opioid craving*

Patient global impression of change

Van der Meer HG. [52]

Anticholinergic side effect*

Sedative side effect*

Fall risk*

Cognitive function*

Activities of daily living

QoL

Vicens C. [53]

Anxiety*

Depression*

Sleep satisfaction*

Withdrawal symptoms*

Alcohol consumption

Vicens C. [54]

Anxiety*

Depression*

Sleep satisfaction*

Wong APY. [55]

Recurring or worsering symptoms*

Death number

Wouters H. [56]

Falls number*

Cognitive function*

Neuropsychiatric symptoms*

QoL

Zechmann S. [57]

Symptom scores*

Unexpected clinical events

QoL

Death number