Table 3 Univariate odds ratios of FRIs associated with medication use in older adults: case–control design
Medication class | Subclass of the study medications | Cases, n = 47,116 | Controls, n = 94,232 | Crude OR | 95%CI | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | (%) | No | (%) | Lower | Upper | |||
Cardiovascular | ACE inhibitors | 1,637 | 3.5% | 3,447 | 3.7% | 0.95 | 0.89 | 1.01 |
Angiotensin II antagonists | 10,340 | 21.9% | 22,139 | 23.5% | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.91 | |
Beta-blocking agents | 5,209 | 11.1% | 11,871 | 12.6% | 0.85 | 0.82 | 0.88 | |
Calcium channel blockers | 15,115 | 32.1% | 31,134 | 33.0% | 0.93 | 0.90 | 0.96 | |
Cardiac glycosides | 172 | 0.4% | 406 | 0.4% | 0.84 | 0.70 | 1.01 | |
Vasodilators | 3,008 | 6.4% | 5,888 | 6.2% | 1.03 | 0.98 | 1.08 | |
Diuretics | 8,821 | 18.7% | 19,287 | 20.5% | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.90 | |
Antithrombotic agents | 9,533 | 20.2% | 20,691 | 22.0% | 0.87 | 0.84 | 0.90 | |
Lipid-modifying agents | 8,011 | 17.0% | 18,190 | 19.3% | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.86 | |
Nervous system | Antipsychotics | 744 | 1.6% | 1,077 | 1.1% | 1.39 | 1.27 | 1.53 |
Antidepressants | 2,970 | 6.3% | 4,870 | 5.2% | 1.25 | 1.19 | 1.31 | |
Anxiolytics | 8,102 | 17.2% | 14,814 | 15.7% | 1.13 | 1.10 | 1.17 | |
Hypnotics and sedatives | 1,556 | 3.3% | 2,694 | 2.9% | 1.17 | 1.09 | 1.24 | |
Opioids | 6,304 | 13.4% | 9,746 | 10.3% | 1.41 | 1.36 | 1.47 | |
Non-opioid analgesics | 7,661 | 16.3% | 15,292 | 16.2% | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 | |
Antiepileptics | 1,553 | 3.3% | 2,333 | 2.5% | 1.36 | 1.27 | 1.46 | |
Anti-Parkinson agents | 658 | 1.4% | 928 | 1.0% | 1.43 | 1.30 | 1.59 | |
Anti-dementia agents | 1,842 | 3.9% | 3,291 | 3.5% | 1.14 | 1.07 | 1.21 | |
Others | Urological agents | 1,121 | 2.4% | 2,148 | 2.3% | 1.05 | 0.97 | 1.13 |
Benign prostatic hypertrophy agents | 2,808 | 6.0% | 5,908 | 6.3% | 0.94 | 0.89 | 0.99 | |
Antispasmodics | 5,626 | 11.9% | 11,435 | 12.1% | 0.98 | 0.95 | 1.02 | |
Laxatives | 630 | 1.3% | 1,112 | 1.2% | 1.14 | 1.03 | 1.26 | |
Antacids | 7,816 | 16.6% | 14,966 | 15.9% | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.10 | |
H2-receptor antagonists | 12,015 | 25.5% | 23,217 | 24.6% | 1.06 | 1.03 | 1.09 | |
Proton pump inhibitors | 2,894 | 6.1% | 5,726 | 6.1% | 1.01 | 0.97 | 1.06 | |
Antidiabetic agents | 6,918 | 14.7% | 13,980 | 14.8% | 0.99 | 0.96 | 1.02 | |
NSAIDs/antirheumatic agents | 17,569 | 37.3% | 31,648 | 33.6% | 1.29 | 1.25 | 1.33 | |
Muscle relaxants | 8,140 | 17.3% | 11,859 | 12.6% | 1.55 | 1.50 | 1.60 | |
Corticosteroids (systemic) | 4,653 | 9.9% | 8,539 | 9.1% | 1.11 | 1.07 | 1.16 | |
Asthma/COPD agents | 3,193 | 6.8% | 6,849 | 7.3% | 0.92 | 0.88 | 0.96 | |
Cough and cold preparations | 9,055 | 19.2% | 20,320 | 21.6% | 0.82 | 0.80 | 0.85 | |
Antihistamines (systemic) | 8,371 | 17.8% | 18,408 | 19.5% | 0.86 | 0.84 | 0.89 | |