Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population
Characteristics | Cases (patients with FRIs), n = 47,116 | Controls (patients without FRIs), n = 94,232 | p-value | SMD | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | (%) | No | (%) | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 20,417 | 43.3% | 40,834 | 43.3% | 1 | 0.02 |
Female | 26,699 | 56.7% | 53,398 | 56.7% | ||
Age, mean (± SD) | 71.4 (± 4.8) | 71.3 (± 4.8) | 0.003 | 0.02 | ||
65–69 | 19,784 | 42.0% | 40,351 | 42.8% | 0.03 | 0.02 |
70–74 | 15,335 | 32.5% | 30,464 | 32.3% | ||
75–79 | 8,767 | 18.6% | 17,136 | 18.2% | ||
80–84 | 2,928 | 6.2% | 5,727 | 6.1% | ||
85 or more | 302 | 0.6% | 554 | 0.6% | ||
No. of medications, mean (± SD)a | 6.7 (± 5.6) | 6.5 (± 5.5) | < 0.001 | 0.02 | ||
0–2 | 12,202 | 25.9% | 24,404 | 25.9% | 1 | 0.02 |
3–7 | 17,088 | 36.3% | 34,176 | 36.3% | ||
8–12 | 11,502 | 24.4% | 23,004 | 24.4% | ||
13 or more | 6,324 | 13.4% | 12,648 | 13.4% | ||
Comorbiditiesb | ||||||
Cardiac arrhythmia | 200 | 0.4% | 400 | 0.4% | 1 | 0 |
Congestive heart failure | 135 | 0.3% | 270 | 0.3% | 1 | 0 |
Hypertension | 24,994 | 53.0% | 49,988 | 53.0% | 1 | 0 |
Vestibular dysfunction and vertiginous syndrome | 1271 | 2.7% | 2542 | 2.7% | 1 | 0 |
Polyneuropathies and other disorders of the peripheral nervous system | 313 | 0.7% | 626 | 0.7% | 1 | 0 |
Auditory impairment | 443 | 0.9% | 886 | 0.9% | 1 | 0 |
Visual impairment | 8,695 | 18.5% | 17,390 | 18.5% | 1 | 0 |
Anemia | 790 | 1.7% | 1580 | 1.7% | 1 | 0 |
Cancer | 517 | 1.1% | 1034 | 1.1% | 1 | 0 |
Arthritis including rheumatoid arthritis | 15,515 | 32.9% | 31,030 | 32.9% | 1 | 0 |
Transient ischemic attack and stroke | 3,298 | 7.0% | 6,596 | 7.0% | 1 | 0 |
Charlson Comorbidity Index score, mean (± SD) | 1.3 (± 1.5) | 1.3 (± 1.4) | < 0.001 | 0.02 | ||
0–1 | 30,681 | 65.1% | 62,664 | 66.5% | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
2–4 | 14,693 | 31.2% | 28,213 | 29.9% | ||
≥ 5 | 1742 | 3.7% | 3,355 | 3.6% | ||