Table 3 General characteristics of included articles

NIHR (ENRICH)

2015

Interview blog

Overcoming the challenges of recruiting care homes to research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

NIHR (ENRICH)

2015

Interview blog

Talk to the people who know - consulting widely before starting care home research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Aguirre et al.

2012

Intervention study

Cognitive simulation therapy (CST) for people with dementia - who benefits most?

London, Essex, and Bedfordshire, UK

Care homes and community settings

113 care home residents

✔

Airlie, Forster and Birch

2022

Randomised Controlled Trial

An investigation into the optimal wear time criteria necessary to reliably estimate physical activity and sedentary behaviour from ActiGraph wGT3X + accelerometer data in older care home residents

West Yorkshire, UK

Care homes

94 care home residents

✔

✔

Amador et al.

2014

Observational

Study

Emergency ambulance service involvement with residential care homes in the support of older people with dementia: An observational study

East of England, UK

Care homes

133 care home residents

✔

✔

Aspray et al.

2006

Survey study

Low bone mineral density measurements in care home residents—a treatable cause of fractures

Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Care homes

392 care home residents

✔

✔

Ballard et al.

2018

Randomised Controlled Trial

Impact of person-centred care training and person-centred activities on quality of life, agitation, and antipsychotic use in people with dementia living in nursing homes: A cluster-randomised controlled trial

South London, North London, and Buckinghamshire, UK

Care homes

757 care home residents

✔

✔

Barber et al.

2009

Prospective study

Care homes’ use of medicines study: Prevalence, causes and potential harm of medication errors in care homes for older people

West Yorkshire, Cambridgeshire, and central London, UK

Care homes

256 care home residents

✔

Bartlett, Milne and Croucher

2019

Reflective paper

Strategies to improve recruitment of people with dementia to research studies

UK-wide

N/A

Researchers

✔

✔

✔

Butler et al.

2020

Randomised Controlled Trial

Effect of Probiotic Use on Antibiotic Administration among Care Home Residents: A Randomized Clinical Trial

UK

Care homes

310 care home residents

✔

✔

Carter et al.

2008

Observational Study

Chronic kidney disease prevalence in a UK residential care home population

East Kent, UK

Residential homes

250 care home residents

✔

✔

Churcher et al.

2017

Pilot intervention study

An adapted mindfulness intervention for people with dementia in care homes: Feasibility pilot study

UK

Care homes

31 care home residents

✔

Clarke et al.

2019

Interview study

A qualitative interview study comparing and contrasting resident and staff perspectives of engaging in meaningful activity in a UK care home

South London, UK

Care homes

9 care home residents, 11 care home staff members

✔

✔

Close et al.

2013

Interview study

“It’s Somebody else’s responsibility” - perceptions of general practitioners, heart failure nurses, care home staff, and residents towards heart failure diagnosis and management for older people in long-term care: a qualitative interview study

Northeast England, UK

Residential and care homes

17 care home residents, 8 care home staff

✔

✔

Costa, Ockelford and Hargreaves

2018

Mixed methods qualitative study

The effects of listening to preferred music on symptoms of depression and anxiety amongst elders in residential care: A qualitative, mixed methods study

London, UK

Care homes

113 residents

✔

✔

Cunneen et al.

2011

Observational study

An investigation of food provision and consumption in a care home setting

East of Scotland, UK

Care homes

25 care home residents

✔

✔

Davies et al.

2014

Reflective paper

Enabling research in care homes: An evaluation of a national network of research ready care homes

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Donnelly et al.

2017

Qualitative study

Burden of a Remote Trial in a Nursing Home Setting: Qualitative Study

Dublin, Ireland, UK

Care homes

11 care home residents, 10 care staff members

✔

✔

Ellmers

2011

Thesis

A qualitative study of sleep and the night-time in care homes for older people

Guilford, UK

Care homes

38 care home residents, 39 care home staff members

✔

Ellwood et al.

2018

Reflective paper

Recruiting care homes to a randomised controlled trial

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Evans et al.

2011

Reflective paper

Evaluating services in partnership with older people: Exploring the role of ‘community researchers’

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Ferguson

2020

Thesis

Supporting older people living in care homes: a qualitative network approach

Scottish Central Belt, UK

Care homes

36 care home residents

✔

✔

Fleetwood-Smith, Tischler and Robson

2021

Reflective paper

Using creative, sensory and embodied research methods when working with people with dementia: a method story

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Forster et al.

2021

Randomised Controlled Trial

An intervention to increase physical activity in care home residents: results of a cluster-randomised, controlled feasibility trial (the REACH trial)

Yorkshire, UK

Care homes

152 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Fossey et al.

2020

Qualitative study

“We should see her like part of the team”: An investigation into care home staff’s experiences of being part of an RCT of a complex psychosocial intervention

London, Oxfordshire, and Buckinghamshire, UK

Care homes

41 care home staff members

✔

✔

Gallagher et al.

2017

Action Research

Realising dignity in care home practice: An action research project

South of England, UK

Care homes

Care home staff

✔

✔

Gillespie et al.

2015

Prospective cohort study

Antibiotic prescribing and associated diarrhoea: a prospective cohort study of care home residents

South Wales, UK

Care homes

279 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Gine-Garriga et al.

2020

Interview study

Mission (im)possible: Engaging care homes, staff and residents in research studies

Glasgow, UK

Care homes

2 care home staff members

✔

✔

Godfrey et al.

2012

Qualitative study

An exploration of the hydration care of older people: a qualitative study

Southwest England, UK

Care homes

5 care home residents

✔

Goodman et al.

2013

Qualitative study

Preferences and priorities for ongoing and end-of-life care: A qualitative study of older people with dementia resident in care homes

East of England, UK

Care homes

18 care home residents

✔

✔

Goodman et al.

2011

Reflective paper

Culture, consent, costs and care homes: Enabling older people with dementia to participate in research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Gordon et al.

2014

Cohort study

Health status of UK care home residents: a cohort study

Nottingham, UK

Care homes

227 care home residents

✔

✔

Graham et al.

2020

Randomised Controlled Trial

A posture and mobility training package for care home staff: results of a cluster randomised controlled feasibility trial (the PATCH trial)

Yorkshire, UK

Care homes

146 care home residents

✔

✔

Griffiths et al.

2019

Trial process evaluation

Barriers and facilitators to implementing dementia care mapping in care homes: results from the DCM TM EPIC trial process evaluation

West Yorkshire, Oxford, and London

Care homes

726 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Hall et al.

2019

Qualitative study

Moving beyond ‘safety’ versus ‘autonomy’: a qualitative exploration of the ethics of using monitoring technologies in long-term dementia care

Northern England, UK

Care homes

3 care home residents, 24 care home staff members, 9 relatives

✔

✔

Hall and Beatty

2014

Interview study

Assessing spiritual well-being in residents of nursing homes for older people using the FACIT-Sp-12: A cognitive interviewing study

London, UK

Care homes

17 care home residents

✔

Hall et al.

2013

Qualitative study

‘It makes me feel that I’m still relevant’: A qualitative study of the views of nursing home residents on dignity therapy and taking part in a phase II randomised controlled trial of a palliative care psychotherapy

London, UK

Care homes

49 care home residents

✔

Hall et al.

2011

Qualitative study

Implementing a quality improvement programme in palliative care in care homes: a qualitative study

London, UK

Care homes

11 care home residents, 26 care home staff members, 7 relatives

✔

✔

Hall, Longhurst and Higginson

2009

Reflective paper

Challenges to conducting research with older people living in nursing homes

Southeast London, UK

Care homes

18 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

P. Higgins

2013

Reflective paper

Involving people with dementia in research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Horne et al.

2018

Reflective paper

Improving trial recruitment in care homes: the Falls IN Care Homes (FINCH) experience

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Hsu et al.

2015

Randomised controlled feasibility study

Individual music therapy for managing neuropsychiatric symptoms for people with dementia and their carers: a cluster randomised controlled feasibility study

UK

Care homes

17 care home residents, 10 care home staff members

✔

✔

Jain et al.

2021

Qualitative study

Dog-assisted interventions in care homes: A qualitative exploration of the nature, meaning and impact of interactions for older people

Southeast of England, UK

Care homes

54 care home residents

✔

✔

Jenkins et al.

2016

Reflective paper

Overcoming challenges of conducting research in nursing homes

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

LaFrenais

2015

Reflective paper

NIHR blog

Understanding Care Home Research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Law

2016

Thesis

Research in care homes: issues of participation and citizenship

Scotland, UK

Care homes

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Law et al.

2021

Survey study

Motivating and constraining factors for research participation in Scottish care homes

Scotland, UK

Care homes

Care home staff

✔

✔

Law and Ashworth

2022

Interview study

Facilitators and Barriers to Research Participation in Care Homes: Thematic Analysis of Interviews with Researchers, Staff, Residents and Residents’ Families

Scotland, UK

Care homes

12 care home residents, 15 care home staff members, 6 relatives, 8 researchers

✔

✔

Lee and Bartlett

2021

Ethnographic study

Material Citizenship: An ethnographic study exploring object-person relations in the context of people with dementia in care homes

Southern England, UK

Residential home

15 care home residents, 16 care home staff members, 8 relatives

✔

Livingston et al.

2012

Intervention study

Improving the end-of-life for people with dementia living in a care home: an intervention study

London, UK

Care homes

Care home residents, care home staff members, and relatives

✔

Luff et al.

2015

Reflective paper

A guide to research with care homes (2015)

UK-wide

N/A

Researchers

✔

✔

✔

Maidment et al.

2018

Intervention study

Medication review plus person-centred care: A feasibility study of a pharmacy-health psychology dual intervention to improve care for people living with dementia

West Midlands, UK

Care homes

108 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Maluf

2017

Thesis

The social lives of older men living in care homes and the implications for their wellbeing

UK-wide

Care homes

Care home residents, care home staff members, relatives

✔

✔

Moore et al.

2017

Intervention study

Implementing the compassion intervention, a model for integrated care for people with advanced dementia towards the end of life in nursing homes: a naturalistic feasibility study

Northern London, UK

Care homes

9 care home residents

✔

NIHR

2019

Blog post/interview

Helen’s Story

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

O’Neill et al.

2022

Interview study

‘Waiting and Wanting’: older peoples’ initial experiences of adapting to life in a care home: a grounded theory study

UK-wide

Care homes

17 care home residents

✔

✔

Orellana et al.

2019

Qualitative study using interviews and observations

Older care home residents’ and their relatives’ knowledge, understanding and views of shift handovers: an exploratory, focused-ethnographic qualitative study using interviews and observations

Southeast England, UK

Care homes

10 care home residents, 5 care home managers, 6 relatives

✔

Orrell et al.

2007

Randomised Controlled Trial

A cluster randomised controlled trial to reduce the unmet needs of people with dementia living in residential care

London, North Wales, and Manchester, UK

Care homes

238 care home residents

✔

Paddock et al.

2019

Qualitative case study using interviews and observations

Care Home Life and Identify: A Qualitative Case Study

Greater Manchester, UK

Care homes

9 care home residents, 4 relatives, 5 care home staff members

✔

✔

✔

Parsons et al.

2015

Feasibility study

Development and Application of Medication Appropriateness Indicators for Persons with Advanced Dementia: A Feasibility Study

Northern Ireland, UK

Care homes

15 care home residents

✔

✔

Patchwood, et al.

2020

Qualitative study using interviews and observations

Six-month reviews for stroke survivors: A study of the modified Greater Manchester Stroke Assessment Tool with care home residents

Northwest of England, UK

Care homes

71 care home residents

✔

✔

Perfect et al.

2019

Reflective paper

Collecting self-report research data with people with dementia within care home clinical trials: Benefits, challenges and best practice

UK-wide

Care homes

Researcher

✔

✔

Powell et al.

2017

Pilot parallel Randomised Controlled Trial

Pilot parallel randomised controlled trial of protective socks against usual care to reduce skin tears in high risk people: ‘STOPCUTS’

Exeter, Exmouth/Sidmouth, and Mid Devon, UK

Care homes

54 care home residents

✔

✔

Rajkumar et al.

2016

Factorial Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

Apathy and Its Response to Antipsychotic Review and Nonpharmacological Interventions in People With Dementia Living in Nursing Homes: WHELD, a Factorial Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial

UK-wide

Care homes

273 care home residents

✔

✔

NIHR

N/A

Interview/Blog

Taking part in research – the care home perspective

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher/Care home manager

✔

✔

✔

Riazi et al.

2012

Qualitative study

Quality of life in the care home: A qualitative study of the perspectives of residents with multiple sclerosis

Within 100 miles of London, UK

Care homes

37 care home residents

✔

✔

Richardson et al.

2020

Reflective paper

Research with older people in a world with COVID-19: Identification of current and future priorities, challenges and opportunities

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Sackley et al.

2015

Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

An occupational therapy intervention for residents with stroke related disabilities in UK care homes (OTCH): cluster randomised controlled trial

UK-wide

Care homes

1042 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Sampson et al.

2018

Prospective cohort study

Living and dying with advanced dementia: A prospective cohort study of symptoms, service use and care at the end of life

Greater London, UK

Care homes

70 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Shamshirsaz

2015

Thesis

Apply QFD methodology to capture ‘unheard’ voices of UK care home residents and translate them into quality measurement targets for future improvement

Peterborough and West London, UK

Care homes

15 care home residents

✔

NIHR –Shepherd

2020

Blog post

How care homes can support the inclusion of people with impaired capacity

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

Shepherd et al.

2015

Reflective paper

Setting up a clinical trial in care homes: challenges encountered and recommendations for future research practice

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔

Shrotri et al.

2021

Prospective cohort study

Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of long-term care facilities in England (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study

England, UK

Long-term care facilities

10,412 care home residents

✔

✔

Siddiqi et al.

2016

Feasibility cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

The PiTSTOP study: a feasibility cluster randomized trial of delirium prevention in care homes for older people

UK-wide

Care homes

215 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Simpson et al.

2017

Feasibility study

The challenges and opportunities in researching intimacy and sexuality in care homes accommodating older people: a feasibility study

Northwest England, UK

Care homes

6 care home residents and their partners, 16 care home staff members

✔

✔

Smith et al.

2019

Reflective paper

Encouraging managers of care homes for older adults to participate in research

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Stow et al.

2018

Cluster randomised feasibility trial

Care home resident and staff perceptions of the acceptability of nutrition intervention trial procedures: a qualitative study embedded within a cluster randomised feasibility trial

UK-wide

Care homes

4 care home residents, 12 care home staff members

✔

✔

Subramaniam, et al.

2014

Randomised Controlled Trial

Life review and life story books for people with mild to moderate dementia: A randomised controlled trial

North Wales, UK

Care homes

23 care home residents

✔

Towers et al.

2019

Cross-sectional study

A cross-sectional study exploring the relationship between regulator quality ratings and care home residents’ quality of life in England

Southeast England, UK

Care homes

293 care home residents

✔

✔

Tzouvara et al.

2016

Reflective paper

Lessons learned from recruiting nursing homes to a quantitative cross-sectional pilot study

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

Underwood et al.

2013

Randomised Controlled Trial

Exercise for depression in care home residents: a randomised controlled trial with cost-effectiveness analysis (OPERA)

Northeast London, Coventry, and Warwickshire, UK

Care homes

891 care home residents

✔

✔

Usman et al.

2019

Prospective cohort study

Measuring health-related quality of life of care home residents: comparison of self-report with staff proxy responses

East Midlands, England, UK

Care homes

117 care home resident and staff matched pairs

✔

✔

Watkins et al.

2017

Qualitative interview study

Exploring residents’ experiences of mealtimes in care homes: A qualitative interview study

Southwest England, UK

Care homes

11 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Wenborn et al.

2013

Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial

Providing activity for people with dementia in care homes: A cluster randomised controlled trial

London, UK

Care homes

210 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Whelan et al.

2013

Reflective paper

Impact of the demand for ‘proxy assent’ on recruitment to a randomised controlled trial of vaccination testing in care homes

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

Windle et al.

2018

Mixed-methods longitudinal investigation

The impact of a visual arts program on quality of life, communication, and well-being of people living with dementia: A mixed-methods longitudinal investigation

Northeast England, UK

Care homes

48 care home residents

✔

✔

Wood et al.

2013

Qualitative study

Consent, including advanced consent, of older adults to research in care homes: a qualitative study of stakeholders’ views in South Wales

South Wales, UK

Care homes

14 care home residents, 14 relatives, 10 GPs, care home staff

✔

✔

Wylie et al.

2017

Pilot randomised controlled trial

Podiatry intervention versus usual care to prevent falls in care homes: pilot randomised controlled trial (the PIRFECT study)

East of Scotland, UK

Care homes

43 care home residents

✔

✔

✔

Zamir et al.

2018

Implementation study

Video-calls to reduce loneliness and social isolation within care environments for older people: an implementation study using collaborative action research

Devon and Cornwall, UK

Care homes

8 care home residents

✔

✔

Zermansky et al.

2007

Reflective paper

Striving to recruit: the difficulties of conducting clinical research on elderly care home residents

UK-wide

N/A

Researcher

✔

✔

✔