Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, by highest ACH polypharmacy exposure attained

N

12,209

7,153

3,708

1,001

347

Age, mean [SD]

72.2 [5.6]

72.3 [5.5]

72.0 [5.7]

72.3 [5.8]

72.4 [6.1]

0.0049

Gender, n(%)

 Female

7,038 (57.6)

4,089 (57.2)

2,138 (57.7)

602 (60.1)

209 (60.2)

0.2429

 Male

5,168 (42.3)

3,063 (42.8)

1,569 (42.3)

398 (39.8)

138 (39.8)

Race/Ethnicity, n(%)

 White

9,843 (80.6)

5,712 (79.9)

3,007 (81.1)

826 (82.5)

298 (85.9)

0.0182

 Black

1,497 (12.3)

927 (13.0)

424 (11.4)

112 (11.2)

34 (9.8)

 Other/unknown

869 ( 7.1)

514 (7.2)

277 (7.5)

63 (6.3)

15 (4.3)

Geographic Region, n(%)

 Northeast

295 (2.4)

184 (2.6)

77 (2.1)

26 (2.6)

 < 10

0.0177

 Midwest

2,192 (18.0)

1,245 (17.4)

694 (18.7)

176 (17.6)

77 (22.2)

 South

8,150 (66.8)

4,792 (67.0)

2,443 (65.9)

677 (67.7)

238 (68.6)

 West

1,569 (12.9)

931 (13.0)

493 (13.3)

121 (12.1)

24 (6.9)

Low Income/ Dual Eligibility Status, n(%)

 Low income subsidy (LIS) Only

565 (4.6)

323 (4.5)

163 (4.4)

51 (5.1)

28 (8.1)

 < 0.001

 Dual eligibility (DE) Only

 < 10

 < 10

 < 10

 < 10

0 (0.0)

 LIS and DE

1,608 (13.2)

874 (12.2)

482 (13.0)

170 (17.0)

82 (23.6)

Elixhauser comorbidity index, mean [SD]

1.7 [1.8]

1.6 [1.7]

1.8 [1.8]

2.0 [2.0]

2.5 [2.5]

 < 0.001

Rx Risk-V score, mean [SD]

3.4 [2.2]

3.3 [2.1]

3.6 [2.2]

3.7 [2.4]

3.7 [2.7]

 < 0.001

Non-ACH high-risk medication use^a, n(%)

6,249 (51.2)

3,547 (49.6)

1,981 (53.4)

545 (54.4)

176 (50.7)

 < 0.001

Pre-index inpatient visit n (%)

1,282 (10.5)

705 (9.9)

381 (10.3)

138 (13.8)

58 (16.7)

 < 0.001

Pre-index emergency department visit n(%)

2,901 (23.8)

1,631 (22.8)

903 (24.4)

264 (26.4)

103 (29.7)

0.002