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Table 1 Weighted* distribution of baseline characteristics of Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) respondents by immigration status

From: Factors associated with loneliness in immigrant and Canadian-born older adults in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study

Characteristic

Canadian-Born

Immigrant

Total Population

N = 866146

N = 535618

Sample Size

n = 1703

n = 968

Individual-Level Factors

  

 Age, mean

74.4

74.4

 Sex (Female), %

55.0%

52.0%

 Marital Status, %

  

 Married or Common-Law

61.4%

68.3%

 Separated or Divorced

7.9%

5.7%

 Single, Never Married

3.4%

2.9%

 Widowed

27.3%

23.1%

 Education Level, %

  

 Less Than Secondary School

33.9%

36.2%

 Secondary School

17.7%

20.0%

 Some Post-Secondary School

6.1%

3.4%

 Complete Post-Secondary School

42.2%

40.5%

 Ethnicity, %

  

 White

99.5%

72.6%

 Visible minority

0.5%

27.4%

 Self-Perceived Health, %

  

 Good/Very Good/Excellent

78.6%

75.9%

 Fair/Poor

21.4%

24.1%

 Self-Perceived Mental Health, %

  

 Good/Very Good/Excellent

95.2%

94.4%

 Fair/Poor

4.8%

5.6%

 Number of Primary Care Visits, mean

5.2

6.1

 Have Valid Driver’s License (Yes), %

82.0%

66.6%

Relationship-Level Factors

  

 Household Size, mean

1.8

2.3

 Living Arrangement (Living Alone), %

31.6%

22.9%

 Type of Dwelling, %

  

 Single Detached

65.4%

64.5%

 Apartment

23.3%

21.9%

 Other Multiple Dwelling Unit

10.4%

12.5%

 Mobile Home or Other †

0.9%

1.1%

 Positive Social Interaction - Index Score, mean ‡

13.6

13.3

 Frequency of Community-Related Activity Participation, %

  

 Daily

14.2%

9.9%

 Weekly

62.1%

63.3%

 Monthly

16.7%

18.0%

 Yearly

4.8%

5.3%

 None

2.2%

3.4%

 Wanted to Participate More in Social, Recreational, Group Activities (Yes), %

26.4%

24.5%

 Sense of Belonging to Local Community (Strong), %

70.8%

67.1%

Community-Level Factors

  

 Dependency Factor Score Quintile, % ‡

  

 Quintile 1 (lowest)

7.6%

11.9%

 Quintile 2

13.7%

18.6%

 Quintile 3

19.5%

19.0%

 Quintile 4

23.3%

22.0%

 Quintile 5 (highest)

35.8%

28.5%

 Ethnic Diversity Factor Score Quintile, % ‡

  

 Quintile 1 (lowest)

31.6%

16.9%

 Quintile 2

24.1%

13.8%

 Quintile 3

21.6%

15.8%

 Quintile 4

14.5%

16.9%

 Quintile 5 (highest)

8.3%

36.6%

 Neighbourhood Income Quintile, %

  

 Quintile 1 (lowest)

18.2%

16.9%

 Quintile 2

19.7%

24.0%

 Quintile 3

22.6%

23.1%

 Quintile 4

19.8%

18.5%

 Quintile 5 (highest)

19.7%

17.5%

  1. Note: Data were derived from the Ontario component of Canadian Community Health Survey (Healthy Aging) linked to health administrative databases. Characteristics grouped into three levels following the ecological framework: individual-level factors (i.e., sociodemographic, health status, transportation); relationship-level factors (i.e., factors measuring kin and non-kin relationships); community-level factors (i.e., measures of one’s surrounding environment).
  2. * Weighted using Canadian Community Health Survey sampling weights and bootstrap weights provided by Statistics Canada.
  3. † ‘Mobile home’ and ‘other’ groups suppressed to avoid small cells.
  4. ‡ Positive social interaction index score = One of four categories of social support measured by the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey and measures the availability of other persons to positively interact with. The scale ranges from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating higher level of positive social interaction.
  5. Dependency factor score = A dimension of the Ontario Marginalization Index measuring area-level concentrations of people who do not have income from employment (e.g., older adults, children).
  6. Ethnic diversity score = A dimension of the Ontario Marginalization Index measuring area-level concentrations of recent immigrants and/or racialized persons.