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Table 3 Results of the GEE Analyses on all outcome measuresa

From: Effects of an individualised exercise programme plus Behavioural Change Enhancement (BCE) strategies for managing fatigue in frail older adults: a cluster randomised controlled trial

 

COMB Mean (SD)

EXE Mean (SD)

CTRL Mean (SD)

Time effect

Group effect

Time x Group effect

COMB vs CTRL

EXE vs CTRL

COMB vs EXE

COMB vs CTRL

EXE vs CTRL

COMB vs EXE

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Beta (SE)

p

Primary Outcome

CMFI-20, 20–100, higher = more fatigue

  

-

-

3.84 (2.35)

0.10

-1.16 (2.28)

0.61

5.00* (2.37)

0.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

69.3 (13.90)

64.3 (13.30)

65.4 (11.90)

  

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

62.3 (14.17)

62.4 (14.21)

66.4 (12.60)

0.48 (1.27)

0.70

-

-

-

-

-

-

-7.59*** (2.19)

 < 0.001

-1.82 (1.94)

0.35

-5.71* (2.31)

0.01

T2

64.28 (12.69)

63.6 (13.54)

67.3 (11.69)

2.43 (1.43)

0.09

-

-

-

-

-

-

-8.12*** (2.28)

 < 0.001

-2.70 (2.24)

0.23

-5.36* (2.48)

0.03

T3

61.1 (11.33)

62.7 (14.21)

69.7 (12.49)

4.08* (1.60)

0.01

-

-

-

-

-

-

-11.39*** (2.45)

 < 0.001

-4.76* (2.25)

0.03

-6.59* (2.44)

0.01

Secondary outcome

Handgrip Strength

   

-

-

1.07 (1.09)

0.33

0.70 (0.96)

0.46

0.37 (0.99)

0.71

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

11.8 (6.42)

11.5 (4.82)

10.8 (5.62)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

13.8 (6.93)

10.3 (5.69)

10.1 (5.16)

-1.07* (0.52)

0.04

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.91*** (0.85)

 < 0.001

-0.47 (0.93)

0.61

3.39*** (1.03)

 < 0.001

T2

9.7 (5.65)

12.2 (5.93)

10.5 (5.76)

-0.10 (0.84)

0.91

-

-

-

-

-

-

-1.38 (1.11)

0.21

0.19 (1.12)

0.86

-1.55 (1.04)

0.14

T3

13.7 (7.09)

15.0 (4.72)

10.4 (5.36)

-0.29 (0.89)

0.75

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.08 (1.12)

0.34

4.09*** (1.11)

 < 0.001

-3.02*** (0.95)

 < 0.001

2-min walk test

   

-

-

2.89 (5.16)

0.58

2.99 (4.71)

0.53

-0.10 (4.86)

0.98

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

73.9 (30.20)

74.0 (25.20)

72.5 (25.60)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

87.4 (29.55)

77.4 (20.75)

68.4 (28.03)

-3.22 (2.38)

0.18

-

-

-

-

-

-

16.57*** (4.18)

 < 0.001

8.85* (3.62)

0.01

7.70 (4.38)

0.079

T2

74.8 (29.72)

74.0 (26.69)

57.7 (28.52)

-7.38 (5.54)

0.18

-

-

-

-

-

-

15.72* (6.96)

0.02

11.47 (6.68)

0.09

4.28 (5.63)

0.447

T3

83.1 (26.73)

79.5 (22.87)

66.5 (27.13)

-3.42 (2.82)

0.22

-

-

-

-

-

-

7.24 (5.05)

0.15

7.97* (3.83)

0.04

-0.78 (4.94)

0.875

TUG

     

-0.11 (0.10)

0.28

-0.18 (0.10)

0.07

0.07 (0.07)

0.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

15.4 (6.55)

14.4 (5.40)

17.2 (11.06)

  

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

12.5 (6.31)

12.2 (4.32)

15.5 (6.93)

-0.07 (0.06)

0.28

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.17 (0.09)

0.06

-0.07 (0.07)

0.37

-0.09 (0.07)

0.21

T2

13.0 (4.43)

13.6 (5.68)

17.7 (8.43)

-0.04 (0.06)

0.50

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.22* (0.09)

0.015

-0.10 (0.08)

0.25

-0.13 (0.09)

0.170

T3

12.8 (5.26)

12.4 (4.38)

17.5 (9.02)

-0.01 (0.07)

0.88

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.11 (0.09)

0.206

-0.12 (0.07)

0.10

0.01 (0.07)

0.94

30-s chair stand test

     

0.41 (0.70)

0.56

1.04 (0.69)

0.14

-0.63 (0.62)

0.31

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

8.0 (3.53)

8.7 (3.38)

7.6 (4.10)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

10.3 (3.29)

9.3 (3.32)

8.2 (4.57)

0.51 (0.49)

0.30

-

-

-

-

-

-

1.76** (0.62)

0.004

0.14 (0.68)

0.84

1.62** (0.61)

0.007

T2

10.2 (4.34)

9.2 (3.90)

7.9 (4.54)

0.16 (0.71)

0.82

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.33* (1.00)

0.02

0.91 (0.89)

0.31

1.43 (0.89)

0.11

T3

10.3 (4.25)

10.3 (3.36)

7.6 (4.87)

-0.21 (0.53)

0.69

-

-

-

-

-

-

2.17** (0.80)

0.007

1.49 (0.71)

0.04

0.67 (0.77)

0.38

CESS, 0 -90, higher = higher self-efficacy

   

0.00 (3.22)

1.00

1.52 (3.42)

0.66

-1.52 (3.05)

0.62

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

39.1 (16.11)

40.6 (18.76)

39.1 (18.93)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

46.1 (17.86)

47.5 (17.38)

34.4 (19.18)

-4.78 (2.55)

0.06

-

-

-

-

-

-

12.03*** (3.65)

 < 0.001

10.31** (3.65)

0.005

1.93 (3.69)

0.60

T2

40.8 (16.62)

34.3 (16.12)

34.7 (18.91)

-6.13 (4.59)

0.18

-

-

-

-

-

-

7.47 (5.82)

0.20

1.82 (5.54)

0.74

5.52 (4.7)

0.25

T3

42.2 (18.89)

47.8 (22.75)

34.7 (23.93)

-4.40 (5.02)

0.38

-

-

-

-

-

-

7.07 (5.72)

0.22

10.97 (6.03)

0.07

-3.85 (4.34)

0.38

PASE-C, 0–400, higher = more physically active

   

4.90 (4.83)

0.31

6.93 (4.72)

0.14

-2.03 (4.26)

0.63

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

49.4 (24.91)

51.4 (23.78)

44.5 (27.75)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

83.5 (37.88)

80.1 (31.58)

48.3 (26.01)

3.92 (5.02)

0.43

-

-

-

-

-

-

29.89*** (7.32)

 < 0.001

23.54*** (6.74)

 < 0.001

6.42 (6.97)

0.36

T2

64.5 (35.23)

50.6 (26.78)

42.3 (34.35)

-1.17 (7.40)

0.87

-

-

-

-

-

-

17.53 (10.02)

0.08

1.35 (9.22)

0.88

16.20 (8.70)

0.06

T3

62.2 (34.79)

74.6 (36.84)

41.2 (22.64)

-4.34 (4.37)

0.32

-

-

-

-

-

-

15.67* (6.84)

0.02

27.17*** (6.97)

 < 0.001

-11.60 (7.56)

0.13

FFI, 0–5, high = frailer

   

-0.13 (0.13)

0.34

-0.28* (0.13)

0.04

0.15 (0.14)

0.27

-

-

    

T0

2.8 (0.77)

2.6 (0.78)

2.9 (0.69)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

1.8 (0.78)

1.8 (0.68)

2.6 (0.83)

-0.25* (0.13)

0.05

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.68*** (0.17)

 < 0.001

-0.54** (0.19)

0.005

-0.14 (0.18)

0.46

T2

2.1 (0.87)

2.1 (1.05)

2.7 (0.97)

-0.35 (0.19)

0.07

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.47 (0.26)

0.073

-0.26 (0.27)

0.34

-0.21 (0.27)

0.44

T3

1.7 (0.89)

1.7 (0.79)

2.7 (0.82)

-0.21 (0.11)

0.06

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.73*** (0.21)

 < 0.001

-0.64*** (0.19)

 < 0.001

-0.10 (0.23)

0.66

C-GDS, 0–15, > 8 = depression

 

-

 

0.68 (0.69)

0.33

-0.31 (0.68)

0.64

0.99 (0.63)

0.11

-

-

-

-

-

-

T0

5.5 (3.66)

4.5 (3.51)

4.8 (3.91)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

T1

4.9 (3.57)

5.1 (3.78)

5.5 (3.91)

0.55 (0.38)

0.15

-

-

-

-

-

-

-1.24 (0.64)

0.06

0.10 (0.54)

0.86

-1.32* (0.64)

0.04

T2

6.2 (4.28)

4.9 (2.85)

5.2 (4.27)

0.65 (0.58)

0.26

-

-

-

-

-

-

-0.06 (0.86)

0.94

-0.56 (0.70)

0.42

0.50 (0.76)

0.510

T3

4.2 (3.55)

5.2 (3.82)

6.6 (4.00)

1.64** (0.57)

0.004

-

-

-

-

-

-

-2.76*** (0.78)

 < 0.001

-0.85 (0.76)

0.26

-1.91* (0.73)

0.01

  1. CTRL Control group, FFI Fried Frailty Index, CGDS Geriatric depression scale, PASE Physical activity scale for the elderly, TUG Timed-Up-and-Go test, CESS Chinese Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale
  2. T0: baseline, T1: immediately post-intervention, T2: 6-month follow-up, T3: 12- month follow-up;
  3. a adjusted for age, a logarithmic transformation was conducted for the GEE analysis
  4. *p < 0.05
  5. **p < 0.01
  6. ***p < 0.001
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BMC Geriatrics

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