Happy people live longer because they are healthy people

BMC Geriatrics

Table 5 Cox regression hazard ratios for the association between happiness and mortality by gender

Groups	n	Deaths/1000 person-years	Hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)
			Per integer happiness score				Fairly or very happy vs Fairly or very sad
			Model 1		Model 2		Model 1		Model 2
Overall	6073	18.74	0.85 (0.78–0.93)	< .001	1.04 (0.94–1.14)	.50	0.57 (0.41–0.79)	.001	0.84 (0.58–1.23)	.37
Men	2258	27.62	0.82 (0.74–0.92)	.001	1.00 (0.88–1.15)	.97	0.56 (0.37–0.85)	.006	0.95 (0.58–1.57)	.85
Women	3815	13.91	0.88 (0.77–0.99)	.04	1.08 (0.93–1.25)	.33	0.53 (0.31–0.91)	.02	0.85 (0.45–1.60)	.62

Model 1 was adjusted for age, gender, and ethnicity. Model 2 was adjusted for age, gender, ethnicity, education, housing type, marital status, instrumental social support score, cognitive impairment, depression, MCS score, self-rated global health, frailty index, BMI, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, CKD, COPD, arthritis, mobility, IADL dependency, PCS score, multimorbidity, smoking frequency, alcohol intake, physical activities score, social activities score, productive activities score, and healthy lifestyle index
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval

ISSN: 1471-2318