Table 4 Association of happiness with all-cause mortality (deceased, n = 1337; alive, n = 4736) after adjusting for different sets of confounders
From: Happy people live longer because they are healthy people
Analytic Models | HR per integer score of happiness scale (1–5) | Explained, % | HR for fairly or very happy vs fairly or very sad | Explained, % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Age, gender, ethnicity | ***0.85 (0.78–0.93) |  | **0.57 (0.41–0.79) |  |
Model 2 | Model 1 + socio-demographic and support (education, housing type, marital status, instrumental social support score) | *0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 33.3 | *0.68 (0.49–0.93) | 25.6 |
Model 3 | Model 1 + lifestyle (smoking, alcohol, physical, social, and productive activity scores, healthy lifestyle index) | **0.90 (0.83–0.97) | 33.3 | **0.64 (0.48–0.87) | 16.3 |
Model 4 | Model 1 + cognitive health (cognitive impairment) | ***0.85 (0.79–0.92) | 0 | **0.60 (0.44–0.82) | 7.0 |
Model 5 | Model 1 + psychological health and functioning (depression, MCS score, self-rated global health) | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 60.0 | 0.75 (0.53–1.05) | 41.9 |
Model 6 | Model 1 + physical health and functioning (Frailty index, BMI, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, CKD, COPD, arthritis, mobility, IADL dependency, PCS score, multimorbidity) | *0.90 (0.83–0.98) | 33.3 | **0.65 (0.48–0.88) | 18.6 |
Model 7 | All predictors | 1.04 (0.94–1.14) | 100 | 0.84 (0.58–1.23) | 62.8 |