Table 3 Mortality rates (n = 6073) by continuum of happiness-sadness
From: Happy people live longer because they are healthy people
| Â | Â | Level of Happiness | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample | Very Happy | Fairly Happy | Neither | Fairly Sad | Very Sad | |
Whole sample | ||||||
 No. of participants | 6073 | 1072 | 3652 | 1183 | 87 | 21 |
 Person-years of observation | 71,331.0 | 12,845.0 | 43,349.1 | 13,358.2 | 903.5 | 168.6 |
 No. of deaths | 1337 | 190 | 786 | 298 | 36 | 10 |
 Deaths/1000 p-y | 18.7 | 14.8 | 18.1 | 22.3 | 39.8 | 59.3 |
 Crude HR (95%CI) | NA | 0.23 (0.12–0.43) | 0.28 (0.15–0.52) | 0.35 (0.19–0.66) | 0.63 (0.31–1.28) | 1 |
Men | ||||||
 No. of participants | 2258 | 421 | 1304 | 457 | 42 | 9 |
 Person-years of observation | 25,162.8 | 4886.6 | 14,596.4 | 4908.2 | 425.3 | 62.6 |
 No. of deaths | 695 | 99 | 403 | 157 | 21 | 6 |
 Deaths/1000 p-y | 27.6 | 20.3 | 27.6 | 32.0 | 49.4 | 95.8 |
 Crude HR (95%CI) | NA | 0.18 (0.08–0.42) | 0.25 (0.11–0.56) | 0.30 (0.13–0.67) | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) | 1 |
Women | ||||||
 No. of participants | 3815 | 651 | 2348 | 726 | 45 | 12 |
 Person-years of observation | 46,168.2 | 7958.4 | 28,752.7 | 8449.9 | 478.2 | 106.0 |
 No. of deaths | 642 | 91 | 383 | 141 | 15 | 4 |
 Deaths/1000 p-y | 13.9 | 11.4 | 13.3 | 16.7 | 31.4 | 37.7 |
 Crude HR (95%CI) | NA | 0.29 (0.11–0.79) | 0.34 (0.13–0.90) | 0.43 (0.16–1.17) | 0.83 (0.28–2.51) | 1 |