Table 2 Health indices of study population (n = 6073) by continuum of happiness-sadness

Cognitive impairment

16.7 (985)

14.0 (147)

15.6 (555)

20.1 (229)

36.6 (30)

60.0 (12)

68.45

 < .001

 < .001

Depression

9.3 (563)

2.7 (29)

6.7 (219)

20.1 (239)

65.6 (57)

71.4 (15)

690.26

 < .001

 < .001

MCS score

54.4 ± 7.9

57.6 ± 6.0

54.8 ± 6.9

51.3 ± 9.9

42.5 ± 10.7

41.2 ± 9.0

169.24

 < .001

 < .001

Self-rated global health

3.1 ± .8

2.7 ± .8

3.2 ± .7

3.5 ± .7

3.8 ± .8

3.8 ± 1.0

169.95

 < .001

 < .001

Central obesity

6.6 (402)

5.6 (60)

6.6 (241)

7.4 (87)

9.2 (8)

9.5 (2)

4.07

.40

.43

Diabetes

16.3 (991)

15.1 (162)

15.5 (565)

19.2 (227)

23.0 (20)

33.3 (7)

17.49

.002

.026

Heart disease

12.2 (740)

10.5 (113)

11.0 (403)

15.3 (181)

32.2 (28)

28.6 (6)

38.50

 < .001

 < .001

Stroke

3.9 (235)

3.4 (36)

3.3 (121)

5.4 (64)

9.2 (8)

9.5 (2)

19.91

.001

.012

Chronic kidney disease

4.9 (295)

4.8 (51)

4.8 (175)

5.1 (60)

5.7 (5)

1 (4.8)

.32

.98

.99

COPD

25.1 (1162)

22.4 (178)

24.9 (711)

27.7 (244)

33.9 (21)

27.3 (3)

8.77

.07

.16

Number of chronic diseases

2.4 ± 1.5

2.2 ± 1.4

2.3 ± 1.5

2.6 ± 1.6

3.2 ± 1.5

3.5 ± 2.3

19.23

 < .001

 < .001

Frailty Index

.12 ± .07

.10 ± .06

.11 ± .07

.14 ± .08

.20 ± .09

.24 ± .10

108.47

 < .001

 < .001

PCS score

48.6 ± 7.2

50.7 ± 6.1

48.9 ± 6.8

46.2 ± 8.1

42.1 ± 10.3

39.4 ± 12.1

87.10

 < .001

 < .001