Table 3 Multivariable logistic regression estimates of low life satisfaction (LLS) with socioeconomic and health characteristics among older adults in India

Loneliness

No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Yes

1.92*** (1.64–2.25)

1.68*** (1.53–1.85)

1.61*** (1.46–1.77)

Spirituality

No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Yes

0.37*** (0.33–0.42)

0.43*** (0.38–0.49)

0.43*** (0.37–0.49)

Religiosity

No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Yes

0.65*** (0.57–0.74)

0.84*** (0.74–0.95)

0.83*** (0.74–0.94)

Religious participation

No

Ref.

Ref.

Ref.

Yes

0.80*** (0.73–0.90)

0.81*** (0.72–0.92)

0.84*** (0.75–0.95)

Age (in years)

60–69

Ref.

Ref.

70–79

0.98 (0.88–1.09)

0.96 (0.86–1.07)

80+

0.88 (0.75–1.04)

0.82** (0.70–0.98)

Sex

Male

Ref.

Ref.

Female

0.96 (0.87–1.07)

1.03 (0.92–1.15)

Marital status

Currently in union

Ref.

Ref.

Not in union

1.06 (0.94–1.18)

1.07 (0.96–1.20)

Living arrangement

Alone

Ref.

Ref.

With spouse

0.68*** (0.54–0.85)

0.69*** (0.55–0.86)

Others

0.65*** (0.53–0.79)

0.66*** (0.54–0.80)

Level of education

No education

Ref.

Ref.

Primary

0.61*** (0.52–0.72)

0.63*** (0.53–0.73)

Secondary/higher

0.60*** (0.47–0.78)

0.66*** (0.51–0.84)

Work status

Never worked

Ref.

Ref.

Not working

1.13* (0.99–1.30)

1.08 (0.95–1.23)

Working

1.05 (0.91–1.21)

0.99 (0.86–1.15)

Retired

0.71*** (0.56–0.91)

0.68*** (0.54–0.86)

Physical activity

No

Ref.

Yes

1.20*** (1.08–1.35)

Tobacco use

No

Ref.

Yes

1.17*** (1.06–1.28)

Alcohol consumption

No

Ref.

Yes

1.03 (0.91–1.17)

SRH

Good

Ref.

Poor

1.57*** (1.41–1.75)

Multimorbid

No

Ref.

Yes

0.95 (0.84–1.07)

ADL

High

Ref.

Low

1.23*** (1.09–1.38)

IADL

High

Ref.

Low

0.96 (0.87–1.06)

MPCE quintile

Poorest

Ref.

Ref.

Poorer

0.93 (0.82–1.06)

0.94 (0.82–1.07)

Middle

0.79*** (0.69–0.90)

0.80*** (0.70–0.91)

Richer

0.72*** (0.63–0.84)

0.73*** (0.63–0.84)

Richest

0.76*** (0.64–0.89)

0.76*** (0.65–0.89)

Religion

Hindu

Ref.

Ref.

Muslim

0.76*** (0.68–0.85)

0.77*** (0.69–0.86)

Others

0.77*** (0.68–0.87)

0.78*** (0.69–0.89)

Caste

SC/ST

Ref.

Ref.

OBC

1.13* (0.99–1.28)

1.11 (0.98–1.26)

Others

0.89 (0.76–1.03)

0.88* (0.75–1.02)

Place of residence

Urban

Ref.

Ref.

Rural

1.06 (0.94–1.19)

1.02 (0.91–1.15)

Region

North

Ref.

Ref.

Central

0.84*** (0.74–0.96)

0.81*** (0.72–0.92)

East

1.04 (0.93–1.17)

0.96 (0.86–1.08)

Northeast

0.72*** (0.62–0.84)

0.68*** (0.58–0.79)

West

1.21*** (1.06–1.38)

1.15** (1.00–1.32)

South

0.38*** (0.33–0.45)

0.36*** (0.31–0.42)

Pseudo R-Square

0.0791

0.0880

Observations (n)

30,177

30,177

30,177