Polypharmacy with potentially inappropriate medications as a risk factor of new onset sarcopenia among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: a 9-year Kashiwa cohort study

Table 2 Longitudinal association of the number of prescribed medications and PIM use with new-onset sarcopenia

Exposure	New-onset sarcopenia		Crude model		Multivariate model^b
Exposure	No. of cases (%)		HR (95% CI)	P	HR (95% CI)	P
Polypharmacy, the number of prescribed medications
< 5 drugs	136 / 1,187	(11.5%)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
≥ 5 drugs	94 / 362	(25.6%)	2.70 (2.08–3.52)	< 0.001	2.00 (1.44–2.77)	< 0.001
Drugs listed in STOPP-J
No use	140 / 1,115	(12.6%)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Use	90 / 434	(20.6%)	1.80 (1.38–2.34)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.07–1.95)	0.018
Potentially muscle-wasting drugs
No use	155 / 1,170	(13.3%)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
Use	75 / 379	(19.7%)	1.49 (1.13–1.96)	0.005	1.48 (1.04–2.09)	0.029
Polypharmacy with or without the use of PIMs^a
< 5 drugs without PIM	94 / 844	(11.2%)	1.00 (reference)		1.00 (reference)
< 5 drugs with PIM	42 / 343	(12.2%)	1.08 (0.75–1.55)	0.694	1.15 (0.77–1.71)	0.487
≥ 5 drugs without PIM	16 / 84	(18.6%)	1.99 (1.17–3.37)	0.011	1.56 (0.81–2.89)	0.299
≥ 5 drugs with PIM	78 / 278	(27.8%)	3.00 (2.22–4.05)	< 0.001	2.35 (1.58–3.51)	< 0.001

Notes: HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval; PIM, potentially inappropriate medication; STOPP-J, screening tool for older person’s appropriate prescriptions for the Japanese. Hazard ratios and 95% CI were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model
^a PIMs were drugs listed in STOPP-J or potentially muscle-wasting drugs
^b The multivariate model included the following potentially confounding baseline factors: age, sex, education level (college degree or less), low annual income, body mass index, living alone, cognitive function, depressive symptoms, exercise habits, daily food diversity, alcohol habits, and chronic diseases (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis, malignant neoplasm, stroke, chronic renal failure, heart disease and disablity of insturmental activities daily living)

ISSN: 1471-2318