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Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the participants

From: Polypharmacy with potentially inappropriate medications as a risk factor of new onset sarcopenia among community-dwelling Japanese older adults: a 9-year Kashiwa cohort study

Baseline conditions

Overall

Sarcopenia development

P a

No onset

New onset

Number of individuals

1,549

1,319

230

 

Basic attributes and daily behavior

Age, years

72.5 ± 5.5

72.0 ± 5.0

75.4 ± 5.6

< 0.001

Sex, women

764 (49.3%)

655 (49.7%)

109 (47.4%)

0.54

Education, ≥ college degree

617 (39.8%)

527 (40.0%)

90 (39.0%)

0.88

Living arrangement, alone

170 (11.0%)

137 (10.4%)

33 (14.3%)

0.08

Low yearly income

311 (20.1%)

254 (19.3%)

57 (24.7%)

0.05

Exercise habit

1,257 (81.1%)

1,081 (82.0%)

176 (76.2%)

0.06

Food diversity score

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

4.0 (2.0–5.0)

0.55

Alcohol habit, daily

769 (49.6%)

665 (50.4%)

104 (45.0%)

0.15

Psychological status

MMSE score

28.3 ± 1.8

28.4 ± 1.7

27.8 ± 2.0

< 0.001

GDS-15 score

2.0 (0.0–4.0)

1.0 (0.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

< 0.001

Physical status (men/women)

Body mass index, kg/m2

23.4 ± 2.7/22.6 ± 3.2

23.7 ± 2.7/22.8 ± 3.2

22.2 ± 2.6/21.2 ± 2.9

< 0.001

Appendicular SMI, kg/m2

7.37 ± 0.6/5.92 ± 0.6

7.46 ± 0.6/6.01 ± 0.6

6.84 ± 0.7/5.40 ± 0.4

< 0.001

Handgrip strength, kg

35.6 ± 5.4/23.0 ± 3.5

36.3 ± 5.3/23.4 ± 3.4

31.5 ± 4.1/20.5 ± 2.7

< 0.001

Usual gait speed, m/s

1.49 ± 0.2/1.49 ± 0.2

1.51 ± 0.2/1.50 ± 0.2

1.40 ± 0.2/1.39 ± 0.2

< 0.001

Biochemical parameters

Serum albumin, g/dL

4.43 ± 0.22

4.44 ± 0.22

4.40 ± 0.22

0.007

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

213 ± 33

213 ± 33

208 ± 34

0.05

Hemoglobin, g/dL

14.0 ± 1.3

14.0 ± 1.3

13.7 ± 1.2

< 0.001

 C-reactive protein, mg/dL

0.12 ± 0.3

0.11 ± 0.3

0.14 ± 0.4

0.19

Platelet count, per 104 µL

21.8 ± 5.8

21.8 ± 5.9

21.6 ± 5.4

0.66

Chronic conditions

Hypertension

669 (43.2%)

552 (41.8%)

117 (50.6%)

0.011

Dyslipidemia

620 (40.0%)

518 (39.3%)

102 (44.2%)

0.15

Heart disease

261 (16.8%)

206 (15.6%)

55 (23.8%)

0.002

Malignant neoplasm

230 (14.8%)

183 (13.9%)

47 (20.3%)

0.010

Diabetes mellitus

192 (12.4%)

161 (12.2%)

31 (13.4%)

0.59

Osteoporosis

149 (9.6%)

122 (9.2%)

27 (11.7%)

0.24

Stroke

94 (6.1%)

76 (5.8%)

18 (7.8%)

0.22

Chronic renal failure

12 (0.8%)

8 (0.6%)

4 (1.7%)

0.09

Comorbidity, ≥ 2 diseases

664 (42.9%)

539 (40.9%)

125 (54.3%)

< 0.001

Number of medications

2.0 (0.0–4.0)

1.0 (0.0–4.0)

2.0 (1.0–5.0)

< 0.001

Disablity of IADL

19 (1.2%)

11 (0.83%)

8 (3.5%)

< 0.001

  1. Notes: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS-15, Geriatric Depression Scale-15; SMI, skeletal muscle mass index; IADL, instrumental activiteis daily living
  2. Data are presented as the mean (± standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) for quantitative measures and as the number of subjects (percentages) for all qualitative measures
  3. a Baseline differences in variables among those with/without new-onset sarcopenia were analyzed using the χ2 test or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables and unpaired t-test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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