Table 1 Patients’ baseline characteristics

Age, years

78.7 ± 5.9

80.7 ± 6.2

78.3 ± 5.8

0.008

80.8 ± 6.4

77.8 ± 5.5

 < 0.001

Women, %

202 (67.1)

40 (76.9)

162 (65.1)

0.098

63(70.9)

139(65.6)

0.379

BMI, kg/m²

23.4 ± 3.6

23.3 ± 4.3

23.4 ± 3.5

0.851

22.8 ± 3.9

23.6 ± 3.5

0.091

Alcohol, %

69 (22.9)

11 (21.2)

58 (23.3)

0.739

21 (23.6)

48 (22.6)

0.857

Smoking, %

14 (4.7)

2 (3.8)

12 (4.8)

0.762

4 (4.5)

10 (4.7)

0.933

Dyslipidemia, %

176 (58.5)

30 (57.7)

146 (58.6)

0.900

53 (61.6)

123 (58.0)

0.806

Diabetes mellitus, %

146 (48.5)

26 (50.0)

120 (48.2)

0.813

42 (47.2)

104 (49.1)

0.768

Hypertension, %

223 (74.1)

34 (65.4)

189 (75.9)

0.115

67 (75.3)

156 (73.6)

0.759

Heart failure, %

21 (7.0)

4 (7.7)

17 (6.9)

0.824

8 (9.0)

13 (6.1)

0.375

Stroke, %

26 (8.6)

4 (8.0)

22 (8.8)

0.790

7 (7.9)

18 (8.5)

0.858

Total score, points

60.8 ± 12.5

55.0 ± 11.4

62.0 ± 12.4

 < 0.001

56.3 ± 12.2

62.6 ± 12.2

 < 0.001

 Power

1.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

 < 0.001

1.2 ± 0.1

1.2 ± 0.1

 < 0.001

 Speed

7.5 ± 1.7

6.4 ± 1.6

7.7 ± 1.6

 < 0.001

7.0 ± 1.7

7.7 ± 1.7

0.001

 Balance

43.9 ± 11.3

39.6 ± 10.4

44.8 ± 11.3

0.003

41.1 ± 11.7

45 ± 10.9

0.005

Walking speed, m/s

1.15 ± 0.26

0.9 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

 < 0.001

1.0 ± 0.2

1.2 ± 0.2

 < 0.001

Grip strength, kg

22.3 ± 6.8

19.1 ± 6.5

23.0 ± 6.7

 < 0.001

20.2 ± 6.5

23.2 ± 6.8

0.001

SMI, kg/m²

6.8 ± 1.2

6.6 ± 1.2

6.9 ± 1.1

0.386

6.5 ± 1.2

6.9 ± 1.1

0.016

TUG (s)

8.6 ± 4.1

10.4 ± 3.4

8.2 ± 4.1

 < 0.001

9.9 ± 5.5

8.0 ± 3.2

 < 0.001

MMSE, points

27.8 ± 2.1

28.0 ± 1.9

27.9 ± 2.2

0.698

27.6 ± 2.06

28.0 ± 2.2

0.208