Table 1 General characteristics of participants at baseline

Absolute grip strength (kg)*

25.6

8.7

26.0

8.6

23.1

8.5

< 0.0001

Relative grip strength (kg/BMI)*

1.1

0.4

1.1

0.4

1.0

0.4

< 0.0001

CESD (score)*

2.8

2.6

2.7

2.5

3.6

2.9

< 0.0001

MMSE (score)*

26.1

4.5

26.6

4.0

23.5

5.9

< 0.0001

Age, n (%)

< 0.0001

45–54

3,157

34.7

3,003

95.1

154

4.9

55–64

2,567

28.2

2,306

89.8

261

10.2

65–74

2,329

25.6

1,772

76.1

557

23.9

≥ 75

1,049

11.5

524

50.0

525

50.1

Gender, n (%)

< 0.0001

Male

4,088

44.9

3,246

79.4

842

20.6

Female

5,014

55.1

4,359

86.9

655

13.1

Education, n (%)

< 0.0001

≤Elementary

3,979

43.7

3,020

75.9

959

24.1

Middle school

1,553

17.1

1,368

88.1

185

11.9

High school

2,572

28.3

2,322

90.3

250

9.7

≥College

998

11.0

895

89.7

103

10.3

Smoking status, n (%)

< 0.0001

Non-smoker

6,416

70.5

5,509

85.9

907

14.1

Former smoker

873

9.6

666

76.3

207

23.7

Smoker

1,813

19.9

1,430

78.9

383

21.1

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

< 0.0001

Nothing

3,621

39.8

3,078

85.0

543

15.0

Former drinker

567

6.2

404

71.3

163

28.8

Drinker

4,914

54.0

4,123

83.9

791

16.1

Marital status, n (%)

< 0.0001

Married

7,292

80.1

6,278

86.1

1,014

13.9

Separated, divorced

1,733

19.0

1,261

72.8

472

27.2

Single

77

0.9

66

85.7

11

14.3

Self-rated health, n (%)

< 0.0001

Very good

336

3.7

311

92.6

25

7.4

Good

3,338

36.7

3,013

90.3

325

9.7

Moderate

2,983

32.8

2,517

84.4

466

15.6

Bad

2,011

22.1

1,490

74.1

521

25.9

Very Bad

434

4.8

274

63.1

160

36.9

Number of chronic diseases**, n (%)

< 0.0001

0

4,885

53.7

4,313

88.3

572

11.7

1

2,590

28.5

2,106

81.3

484

18.7

2

1,130

12.4

845

74.8

285

25.2

≥ 3

497

5.5

341

68.6

156

31.4

Total

9102

100

7605

83.6

1497

16.45