Relation of environmental factors with activity limitations and participation restrictions in older adults with diabetes mellitus over time: an international classification of functioning framework perspective

Table 5 Hierarchical linear regressions prediction of activity limitations, participation restrictions in patients with diabetes

Activity limitations	Level I β (95% CI)	Level II β (95% CI)	Level III β (95% CI)
Personal factor
Age	0.54^***(0.19, 0.33)	0.39^***(0.11, 0.26)	0.26^**(0.05, 0.20)
Regular exercise (yes)	-0.24^**(-2.59, -0.55)	-0.19^*(-2.22, -0.27)	-0.12(-1.72, 0.17)
Perceived health status	-0.23^**(-0.79, -0.16)	-0.21^**(-0.73, -0.14)	-0.20^**(-0.70, -0.11)
Function/structure factors
Neuropathy (yes)		0.12(-0.18, 1.84)	0.13(-0.04, 1.86)
MMSE		-0.25^**(-0.43, -0.11)	-0.22^**(-0.38, -0.08)
GDS-S		0.11(-0.04, 0.26)	0.01(-0.16, 0.17)
Environmental factors
PPS			-0.29^***(-0.31, -0.10)
NPS			0.08(-0.07, 0.19)
Missing samples (yes)			0.08(-0.56, 1.79)
R ²	0.40	0.49	0.56
Adjusted R²	0.38	0.46	0.53
Increase in R²	0.40	0.09	0.07
F Change	23.17^***	6.09^**	5.88^**
Participation restrictions	Level I β (95% CI)	Level II β (95% CI)	Level III β (95% CI)
Personal factors
Age	0.37^***(0.04, 0.12)	0.28^**(0.02, 0.10)	0.17(-0.01, 0.08)
Dietary control (yes)	-0.16(-1.02, 0.04)	-0.09(-0.81, 0.25)	-0.10(-0.80, 0.21)
Function/structure factors
Neuropathy (yes)		0.11(-0.23, 0.90)	0.11(-0.20, 0.88)
GDS-S		0.29^**(0.06, 0.22)	0.22^*(0.01, 0.19)
Environmental factors
PPS			-0.28^**(-0.15, -0.03)
NPS			-0.04(-0.08, 0.05)
Missing samples (yes)			0.09(-0.32, 0.95)
R ²	0.17	0.27	0.35
Adjusted R²	0.16	0.24	0.30
Increase in R²	0.17	0.93	0.79
F Change	11.28^***	6.69^**	4.10^**

Abbreviations: a: MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; GDS-S, Geriatric Depression Scale- short form; PPS, Positive perceived stress; NPS, Negative perceived stress
^*p < 0.05, ^**p < 0 0.01, ^***p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2318