Table 2 Associations of joint pain and other characteristics at baseline with frailty at baseline and 1-year (N = 1095)

Frailty

(non-frail, frail)

NA

13.24 (8.43, 20.80), p < 0.001

Joint Pain

Pain (NRS 0/10)

1.72 (1.56, 1.92), p < 0.001

1.28 (1.15, 1.43), p < 0.001

Sex

Male

Ref

Ref

Female

1.81 (1.22, 2.68), p = 0.003

1.39 (0.89, 2.17), p = 0.15

Age

Years

1.03 (1.00, 1.06), p = 0.026

1.04 (1.01, 1.08), p = 0.006

BMI Class^a

Underweight

3.30 (0.83, 13.08), p = 0.089

0.25 (0.02, 2.47), p = 0.233

Normal

Ref

Ref

Pre-obese

1.48 (0.89, 2.46), p = 0.129

1.41 (0.79, 2.47), p = 0.251

Obese

2.69 (1.63, 4.42), p < 0.001

2.96 (1.66, 5.27), p < 0.001

Pseudo r²

0.2259

0.3409