From: Hypnotics and injuries among older adults with Parkinson’s disease: a nested case–control design
Injuries | Fractures | Femoral fractures | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||||
Benzodiazepines | ||||||
Number of hypnotics per day | 1.12 | (1.03–1.22) | 1.17 | (0.89–1.56) | 1.99 | (0.95–4.18) |
Injury/fracture/femoral fracture | 2.93 | (2.68–3.19) | 5.50 | (4.81–6.29) | 16.75 | (11.39–24.62) |
Cancer | 1.11 | (0.98–1.25) | 1.13 | (0.95–1.35) | 0.91 | (0.62–1.33) |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.05 | (0.96–1.15) | 0.98 | (0.87–1.12) | 1.12 | (0.86–1.44) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.93 | (0.86–1.01) | 0.91 | (0.81–1.02) | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.98 | (0.90–1.06) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.06) | 0.82 | (0.65–1.04) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.99 | (0.91–1.09) | 0.91 | (0.80–1.03) | 1.02 | (0.79–1.31) |
Dementia | 0.99 | (0.90–1.09) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.08) | 1.08 | (0.84–1.40) |
Osteoporosis | 1.32 | (1.21–1.45) | 1.27 | (1.12–1.44) | 1.09 | (0.86–1.39) |
Anemia | 1.07 | (0.97–1.19) | 0.98 | (0.86–1.13) | 0.87 | (0.66–1.15) |
Non-benzodiazepines | ||||||
Number of hypnotics per day | 1.21 | (0.97–1.51) | 1.25 | (0.99–1.59) | 1.16 | (0.49–2.71) |
Injury/fracture/femoral fracture | 2.95 | (2.71–3.22) | 5.85 | (5.09–6.73) | 17.96 | (12.17–26.51) |
Cancer | 1.10 | (0.97–1.24) | 1.17 | (0.98–1.39) | 0.99 | (0.67–1.44) |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.03 | (0.94–1.12) | 1.03 | (0.91–1.17) | 1.18 | (0.91–1.53) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.95 | (0.87–1.03) | 0.86 | (0.77–0.96) | 0.81 | (0.64–1.02) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.95 | (0.88–1.04) | 0.92 | (0.82–1.03) | 0.92 | (0.72–1.16) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.97 | (0.89–1.06) | 0.97 | (0.85–1.09) | 1.00 | (0.78–1.29) |
Dementia | 1.03 | (0.94–1.13) | 0.99 | (0.87–1.12) | 1.23 | (0.95–1.58) |
Osteoporosis | 1.35 | (1.23–1.48) | 1.27 | (1.13–1.44) | 1.23 | (0.96–1.57) |
Anemia | 1.12 | (1.01–1.23) | 0.91 | (0.79–1.05) | 0.82 | (0.62–1.08) |
Melatonin- receptor agonists | ||||||
Number of hypnotics per day | 1.03 | (0.99–1.08) | 1.15 | (1.00–1.31) | 2.84 | (1.19–6.77) |
Injury/fracture/femoral fracture | 2.92 | (2.68–3.19) | 5.86 | (5.10–6.74) | 19.67 | (13.18–29.35) |
Cancer | 1.11 | (0.98–1.25) | 1.15 | (0.97–1.37) | 0.71 | (0.48–1.04) |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.05 | (0.95–1.14) | 1.05 | (0.92–1.19) | 1.09 | (0.84–1.40) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.94 | (0.87–1.03) | 0.86 | (0.77–0.97) | 0.83 | (0.66–1.05) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.94 | (0.87–1.03) | 0.96 | (0.85–1.08) | 0.90 | (0.71–1.15) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.98 | (0.90–1.07) | 0.95 | (0.84–1.08) | 1.02 | (0.79–1.31) |
Dementia | 0.99 | (0.90–1.08) | 0.96 | (0.84–1.09) | 1.19 | (0.92–1.54) |
Osteoporosis | 1.32 | (1.20–1.44) | 1.23 | (1.09–1.40) | 1.23 | (0.96–1.57) |
Anemia | 1.11 | (1.00–1.22) | 0.92 | (0.80–1.05) | 0.84 | (0.64–1.12) |
Orexin- receptor antagonists | ||||||
Number of hypnotics per day | 1.43 | (0.97–2.11) | 1.13 | (0.82–1.55) | 1.19 | (0.32–4.51) |
Injury/fracture/femoral fracture | 2.98 | (2.73–3.25) | 5.79 | (5.06–6.63) | 15.62 | (10.75–22.69) |
Cancer | 1.15 | (1.02–1.31) | 1.14 | (0.96–1.35) | 0.93 | (0.64–1.35) |
Ischemic heart disease | 1.06 | (0.97–1.16) | 0.98 | (0.86–1.11) | 0.98 | (0.76–1.26) |
Cerebrovascular disease | 0.93 | (0.85–1.01) | 0.95 | (0.85–1.07) | 0.98 | (0.77–1.23) |
Dyslipidemia | 0.97 | (0.89–1.06) | 0.92 | (0.82–1.03) | 0.83 | (0.66–1.06) |
Diabetes mellitus | 0.96 | (0.88–1.05) | 0.94 | (0.83–1.07) | 0.98 | (0.76–1.26) |
Dementia | 0.98 | (0.89–1.08) | 1.01 | (0.88–1.15) | 1.08 | (0.84–1.38) |
Osteoporosis | 1.30 | (1.19–1.43) | 1.24 | (1.10–1.41) | 1.14 | (0.89–1.45) |
Anemia | 1.11 | (1.01–1.23) | 0.99 | (0.86–1.13) | 0.96 | (0.73–1.26) |