Table 1 Comparisons of characteristics of T2DM patients with and without depressive symptoms
Variables | Total (n = 300) | Non-depressive symptoms (n = 185) | Depressive symptoms (n = 115) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.681 | 0.195 |
 Male | 186 (62.00) | 120 (64.86) | 66 (57.39) |  |  |
 Female | 114 (38.00) | 65 (35.14) | 49 (42.61) |  |  |
 Age (years), Mean ± SD | 70.60 ± 8.25 | 70.43 ± 8.10 | 70.88 ± 8.53 | t = -0.45 | 0.650 |
 Height (m), Mean ± SD | 1.66 ± 0.08 | 1.66 ± 0.08 | 1.66 ± 0.08 | t = -0.09 | 0.926 |
 Weight (kg), Mean ± SD | 67.19 ± 10.57 | 68.40 ± 10.63 | 65.25 ± 10.24 | t = 2.53 | 0.012 |
 BMI (kg/m2), Mean ± SD | 24.32 ± 3.05 | 24.76 ± 2.96 | 23.62 ± 3.07 | t = 3.20 | 0.002 |
Marital status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | - | 0.724 |
 Divorced | 5 (1.67) | 3 (1.62) | 2 (1.74) |  |  |
 Widowed | 32 (10.67) | 22 (11.89) | 10 (8.70) |  |  |
 Married | 263 (87.67) | 160 (86.49) | 103 (89.57) |  |  |
Education, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.528 | 0.467 |
 High school or above | 198 (66.00) | 125 (67.57) | 73 (63.48) |  |  |
 Under the high school | 102 (34.00) | 60 (32.43) | 42 (36.52) |  |  |
Living alone, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.568 | 0.211 |
 Yes | 26 (8.67) | 19 (10.27) | 7 (6.09) |  |  |
 No | 274 (91.33) | 166 (89.73) | 108 (93.91) |  |  |
Smoking, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.251 | 0.535 |
 Never | 180 (60.00) | 107 (57.84) | 73 (63.48) |  |  |
 Smoking at present | 47 (15.67) | 32 (17.30) | 15 (13.04) |  |  |
 Smoking before | 73 (24.33) | 46 (24.86) | 27 (23.48) |  |  |
Drinking, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 4.656 | 0.097 |
 Never | 162 (54.00) | 91 (49.19) | 71 (61.74) |  |  |
 Drinking at present | 60 (20.00) | 42 (22.70) | 18 (15.65) |  |  |
 Drinking before | 78 (26.00) | 52 (28.11) | 26 (22.61) |  |  |
 Duration of T2DM (year), M (Q1, Q3) | 15.00 (8.50, 20.00) | 14.00 (8.00, 20.00) | 16.00 (10.00, 20.00) | Z = 1.522 | 0.128 |
Hypertension, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.463 | 0.496 |
 No | 85 (28.33) | 55 (29.73) | 30 (26.09) |  |  |
 Yes | 215 (71.67) | 130 (70.27) | 85 (73.91) |  |  |
Dyslipidemia, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.402 | 0.236 |
 No | 125 (41.67) | 82 (44.32) | 43 (37.39) |  |  |
 Yes | 175 (58.33) | 103 (55.68) | 72 (62.61) |  |  |
Other diseases, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.393 | 0.531 |
 No | 44 (14.67) | 29 (15.68) | 15 (13.04) |  |  |
 Yes | 256 (85.33) | 156 (84.32) | 100 (86.96) |  |  |
First-degree family history of diabetes, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.068 | 0.794 |
 No | 175 (58.33) | 109 (58.92) | 66 (57.39) |  |  |
 Yes | 125 (41.67) | 76 (41.08) | 49 (42.61) |  |  |
Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.209 | 0.272 |
 No | 273 (91.00) | 171 (92.43) | 102 (88.70) |  |  |
 Yes | 27 (9.00) | 14 (7.57) | 13 (11.30) |  |  |
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 1.785 | 0.182 |
 No | 108 (36.00) | 72 (38.92) | 36 (31.30) |  |  |
 Yes | 192 (64.00) | 113 (61.08) | 79 (68.70) |  |  |
Diabetic peripheral vasculopathy, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | - | 0.288 |
 No | 3 (1.00) | 3 (1.62) | 0 (0.00) |  |  |
 Yes | 297 (99.00) | 182 (98.38) | 115 (100.00) |  |  |
Diabetic ketoacidosis, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | - | 1.000 |
 No | 298 (99.33) | 184 (99.46) | 114 (99.13) |  |  |
 Yes | 2 (0.67) | 1 (0.54) | 1 (0.87) |  |  |
Diabetic nephropathy, n (%) |  |  |  | χ2 = 0.552 | 0.458 |
 No | 175 (58.33) | 111 (60.00) | 64 (55.65) |  |  |
 Yes | 125 (41.67) | 74 (40.00) | 51 (44.35) |  |  |
Treatments for T2DM, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | - | 0.097 |
 Non-drug therapy | 8 (2.67) | 4 (2.16) | 4 (3.48) |  |  |
 Oral hypoglycemic drugs combined with insulin therapy | 148 (49.33) | 89 (48.11) | 59 (51.30) |  |  |
 Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 105 (35.00) | 73 (39.46) | 32 (27.83) |  |  |
 Insulin therapy | 39 (13.00) | 19 (10.27) | 20 (17.39) |  |  |
 FPG (mmol/L), M (Q1, Q3) | 7.09 (5.97, 9.16) | 7.13 (6.09, 9.63) | 6.99 (5.75, 8.58) | Z = -1.613 | 0.107 |
 2hPG (mmol/L), Mean ± SD | 16.91 ± 4.96 | 17.49 ± 5.00 | 15.97 ± 4.78 | t = 2.60 | 0.010 |
 HbAlc (%), Mean ± SD | 7.92 ± 1.70 | 7.97 ± 1.68 | 7.84 ± 1.73 | t = 0.67 | 0.504 |
 TC (mmol/L), Mean ± SD | 4.03 ± 1.01 | 4.11 ± 0.99 | 3.90 ± 1.05 | t = 1.77 | 0.077 |
 TG (mmol/L), M (Q1, Q3) | 1.30 (1.00, 1.79) | 1.30 (1.02, 1.81) | 1.27 (0.88, 1.77) | Z = -1.229 | 0.219 |
 LDL (mmol/L), M (Q1, Q3) | 2.25 (1.76, 2.93) | 2.31 (1.82, 3.05) | 2.12 (1.52, 2.78) | Z = -2.246 | 0.025 |
 HDL (mmol/L), Mean ± SD | 1.11 ± 0.31 | 1.09 ± 0.29 | 1.14 ± 0.34 | t = -1.24 | 0.216 |
 QOL, Mean ± SD | 54.43 ± 7.12 | 56.78 ± 6.18 | 50.65 ± 6.91 | t = 7.98 |  < 0.001 |
 MMAS-8, Mean ± SD | 6.08 ± 1.80 | 6.30 ± 1.77 | 5.72 ± 1.80 | t = 2.74 | 0.007 |