Table 1 Descriptive statistics of Chinese older adults aged ≥ 60 Years (N = 4,461)

Age, mean (SD)

67.84(6.45)

67.69(6.40)

68.14(6.63)

67.41(6.26)

68.97(6.54)

< 0.001

Female, n (%)

2231(50.0)

1047.00(44.00)

309.00(66.00)

622.00(55.30)

212.00(50.80)

< 0.001

Married, n (%)

3518(78.9)

1903.00(79.90)

358.00(76.50)

894.00(79.50)

329.00(78.90)

0.422

Upper secondary or higher education, n (%)

211(4.7)

157.00(6.60)

11.00(2.40)

22.00(2.00)

21.00(5.00)

< 0.001

Rural residency, n (%)

2958(66.3)

1474.00(61.90)

355.00(75.90)

821.00(73.00)

255.00(61.20)

< 0.001

Had public insurance, n (%)

4140(93.2)

2204.00(92.90)

442.00(94.60)

1042.00(93.00)

390.00(93.80)

0.528

Annual income, n (%)

< 0.001

 ≤ ¥1000

4156(93.2)

2196.00(92.20)

448.00(95.90)

1064.00(94.60)

383.00(91.80)

 ≤ ¥6000

124(2.8)

65.00(2.70)

10.00(2.10)

36.00(3.20)

12.00(2.90)

 > ¥6000

178(4.0)

120.00(5.00)

9.00(1.90)

25.00(2.20)

22.00(5.30)

Had pain, n (%)

1619 (36.3)

-

-

-

-

Had falls, n (%)

887 (19.9)

-

-

-

-

Comorbidities, mean (SD)

1.71(1.47)

1.39(1.32)

2.30(1.58)

2.13(1.52)

1.71(1.52)

< 0.001

CESD-10, mean (SD)

9.23(6.49)

6.96(5.46)

13.90(6.43)

12.12(6.46)

9.19(6.13)

< 0.001

Healthcare utilization, mean (SD)

# of hospitalization

0.17(0.56)

0.11(0.41)

0.25(0.63)

0.23(0.76)

0.20(0.56)

< 0.001

# of doctor visits

0.51(1.56)

0.31 (1.03)

0.78 (2.02)

0.79 (1.93)

0.60 (2.13)

< 0.001

Total hospitalization costs

819.57(4978.67)

678.03(5024.52)

881.99(3235.63)

876.12(4021.17)

1428.07(8036.34)

0.043

Objective physical status, mean (SD)

Grip strength

26.37 (9.49)

27.96(9.51)

23.07(8.84)

24.93(9.06)

25.38(9.28)

< 0.001

Walking speed

4.80 (7.14)

4.72(9.46)

5.06(2.60)

4.88(2.53)

4.67(2.35)

0.786

Subjective physical status, mean (SD)

Upper-extremity function

0.37 (0.71)

0.21(0.57)

0.72(0.89)

0.51(0.79)

0.41(0.73)

< 0.001

Lower-extremity function

1.26 (1.21)

0.83(1.05)

2.08(1.11)

1.77(1.17)

1.27(1.19)

< 0.001