Table 2 Prevalence of ADL disability and its trend over time among older adults in Korea

All participants

2.24

3.10

6.42

11.12

8.88

< 0.05

Demographics

Gender

Male

1.58

3.44

5.44

9.74

8.16

< 0.01

Female

2.68

2.87

7.07

12.05

9.37

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

0.064

< 0.05

< 0.01

< 0.01

Age in years

65–69

1.47

1.84

4.02

5.77

4.30

< 0.05

70–79

2.18

2.35

4.05

10.22

8.04

< 0.05

75 or older

4.22

7.53

16.57

25.90

21.68

< 0.01

P-diff^‡

< 0.05

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Living arrangement

With relatives

1.41

2.58

5.31

9.13

7.72

< 0.05

Living alone

4.54

4.54

9.50

16.63

12.09

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

< 0.001

< 0.05

< 0.01

< 0.001

Educational status

Elementary school or lower

2.62

3.38

7.34

12.83

10.21

< 0.05

Middle school

1.49

2.49

5.97

8.46

6.97

< 0.05

High school

1.21

2.82

3.63

6.85

5.64

< 0.05

College or higher

1.82

1.82

3.64

7.27

5.45

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

0.231

0.375

< 0.05

< 0.01

Health parameters

Body mass index

Normal

2.51

3.64

7.03

11.92

9.41

< 0.01

Underweight

0.01

1.82

7.27

12.73

12.72

< 0.01

Overweight

2.19

2.58

5.17

8.35

6.16

< 0.05

Obese

2.06

2.83

6.68

12.85

10.79

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

0.331

0.328

0.259

< 0.05

Self-rated health

Good

0.70

1.48

3.92

7.67

6.97

< 0.05

Bad

5.19

6.20

11.22

17.76

12.57

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Difficulty in daily activities related to body pain

No

1.02

2.12

5.10

8.92

7.90

< 0.05

Yes

4.76

5.11

9.17

15.70

10.94

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Physical activity

Yes

1.10

2.51

5.81

9.58

8.48

< 0.05

No

2.89

3.43

6.78

12.01

9.12

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

< 0.01

0.143

0.214

< 0.05

Depression status

No

1.96

3.07

6.26

10.74

8.78

< 0.05

Yes

6.09

3.48

8.70

16.52

10.43

0.113

P-diff^‡

< 0.001

0.404

0.151

< 0.01

Cognitive function

Normal

1.14

1.76

4.48

7.64

6.50

< 0.05

Cognitive decline

3.15

3.82

7.19

13.48

10.33

< 0.05

Dementia

7.50

10.62

18.12

29.38

21.88

< 0.01

P-diff^‡

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

Number of chronic diseases

0

0.72

1.26

3.25

7.04

6.32

< 0.05

1

2.27

2.91

7.77

11.81

9.54

< 0.05

2

3.18

4.77

6.90

13.00

9.82

< 0.05

≥ 3

4.62

5.64

10.26

16.92

12.30

< 0.05

P-diff^‡

< 0.01

< 0.01

< 0.001

< 0.001