Table 1 Baseline and re-examination characteristics and change in the characteristics during the follow-up period

Age, years

67.8 (2.5) [64–77]

87.6 (2.5) [84–96]

OR (95% CI)

P-value

 Men

50 (45)

50 (45)

 Women

62 (55)

62 (55)

 with someone

94 (84)

52 (46)

1

 alone

18 (16)

60 (54)

6.03 (3.69–9.83)

<.001

Mobility aid^a

n = 111

 no

110 (99)

52 (46)

1

 yes

1 (1)

60 (54)

124.81 (17.39–895.54)

<.001

Exercise

n = 107

 weekly

99 (93)

81 (72)

1

 less than weekly/not at all

8 (7)

31 (28)

4.82 (2.20–10.55)

<.001

Self-reported walking ability

n = 110

 yes

100 (91)

84 (75)

1

 no

10 (9)

28 (25)

3.25 (1.51–7.01)

0.003

MMSE^b

n = 111

 26–30

107 (96)

59 (53)

1

  ≤ 25

5 (4)

52 (47)

18.68 (6.80–51.34)

<.001

 good

56 (50)

32 (29)

1

 moderate

51 (46)

57 (51)

1 

 poor

5 (4)

23 (21)

2.93 (1.90–4.51)

<.001

 good

94 (84)

78 (70)

1

 moderate

15 (13)

33 (29)

1 

 poor

3 (3)

1 (1)

2.28 (1.35–3.85)

0.002

 healthy

52 (46)

28 (25)

1

 not healthy

60 (54)

84 (75)

2.60 (1.61–4.20)

<.001

 0–2

100 (89)

41 (37)

1

 3–4

11 (10)

48 (43)

1 

  ≥ 5

1 (1)

23 (21)

14.87 (7.65–28.89)

<.001

Frail Scale^d

n = 109

n = 109

 robust

90 (83)

44 (39)

1

 pre-frail

19 (17)

53 (49)

1 

 frail

0 (0)

14 (13)

8.04 (4.75–13.50)

<.001

PRISMA-7

n = 110

n = 110

 robust

107 (97)

28 (25)

1

 frail

3 (3)

82 (75)

104.45 (31.94–341.61)

<.001

Frailty Index^d

n = 107

n = 107

 robust

33 (30)

8 (7)

1

 pre-frail

73 (68)

50 (47)

1 

 frail

2 (2)

49 (46)

12.88 (6.47–25.66)

<.001