Table 2 Characteristics of the included studies
Authors/year/country | Aim | Study design/methods | Sample | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Arons M. M., Hatfield K. M., Reddy S. C., Kimball A., James A., Jacobs J. R. et al. 2020, USA [21] | To assess transmission of SARS-Cov-2 and evaluate the adequacy of symptom-based screening to identify infections in residents | Two serial point-prevalence surveys: 13/3–20 and 19/3–20, using RT-PCR testa A standardised symptom-assessment form was completed by nurses for each resident tested Follow-up period: 13/3–20 to 3/4–20 | 57 of 89 nursing home residents in a skilled nursing facility tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 | Symptoms, signs, specimen sequencing, hospitalisation, and mortality |
Atalla E., Zhang R., Shehadeh F., Mylona E. K., Tsikala-Vafea M., Kalagara S. et al. 2021, USA [22] | To report a COVID-19 outbreak in a nursing home focusing on clinical presentation and characteristics associated with mortality | Data were retrospectively collected from residents’ electronic health records COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 14/4–20 to 15/6–20 | 111 of 116 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, laboratory findings, medical treatment, and mortality |
Beiting K. J., Huisingh-Scheetz M., Walker J., Graupner J., Martinchek M., Thompson K. et al. 2021, USA [23] | (1) Present a novel clinical management pathway based on a COVID-19 outbreak (2) Describe the demographics, clinical characteristics, course, and outcomes of the population | Single-centre, retrospective, and observational cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 31/5–20 | 172 of 204 nursing home residents in a skilled nursing facility with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidities, clinical management of COVID-19, goals-of-care conversations, hospitalisation, and mortality |
Bielza R., Sanz J., Zambrana F., Arias E., Malmierca E., Portillo L. et al. 2021, Spain [24] | To describe the clinical characteristics, 30-day mortality, and associated factors of patients living in nursing homes (NH) with COVID-19 | Descriptive, observational retrospective and longitudinal study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 20/3–20 to 1/6–20 | 630 patients with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, medical treatment, hospitalisation, and mortality |
Brouns S. H., Brüggemann R., Linkens A. E. M. J. H., Magdelijns, F. J. Joosten H., Heijnen, R. et al. 2020, The Netherlands [25] | To investigate whether the use of oral antithrombotic therapy (OAT) was associated with a lower mortality in NH residents with COVID-19 | A retrospective case series COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 20/3–20 and 1/5–20 | 67 of 101 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Comorbidity, all-cause mortality. Association between age, sex, comorbidity, OAT, and mortality |
De Spiegeleer A., Bronselaer A., Teo J. T., Byttebier G., De Tré G., Belmans, L. et al. 2020, Belgium [26] | To explore the association of Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis), angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) and/or statins with clinical manifestations in COVID-19-infected older adults residing in nursing homes | Retrospective multicentre cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 16/4–20 | 154 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Comorbidity, symptoms/no symptoms, and the use of ACEi/ARB and /or statins |
Graham, N. S. N., Junghans C., Downes R., Sendall C., Lai H., McKirdy A. et al. 2020, Great Britain [27] | To report results from an outbreak investigation carried out in four UK nursing homes affected by COVID-19 | Two point-prevalence surveys were performed one week apart where residents underwent SARS-CoV-2 testing COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 1/ 5–20 | 126 of 313 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidities, SARS-CoV- 2 sequencing, and mortality |
Kittang B. R., Hofacker S. V., Solheim S. P., Krüger K., Løland K. K., and Jansen K. 2020, Norway [28] | To identify the COVID-19 infection pathways, course of disease and resident mortality rates | Retrospective observational study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 19/3–20 to 25/4–20 | 40 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, and mortality |
Lally M. A., Tsoukas P., Halladay C. W, O'Neill E., Gravenstein S., and Rudolph J. L. 2021, USA [29] | To evaluate mortality benefit among older persons infected with SARS-CoV-2 who were taking metformin as compared to those who were not | Retrospective cohort study Laboratory confirmation of COVID-19 Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 13/5–20 | 775 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Comorbidity, use of diabetes medication, and mortality |
Panagiotou O. A., Kosar C. M., White E. M., Bantis L. E, Yang X., Santostefano C. M. et al. 2021, USA [30] | To identify risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality among US nursing home residents with COVID-19 | Cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 6/3–20 to 15/9–20 | 5256 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 across 25 states in the United States | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, sociodemographic characteristics, functional impairment, and mortality |
Patel M. C., Chaisson L. H., Borgetti S., Burdsall D., Chugh R. K., Hoff C. R. et al. 2020, USA [31] | (1) To determine the proportion of cases who were symptomatic, presymptomatic, and asymptomatic and (2) incidence of symptoms among those who tested negative | Point prevalence testing 15/3–20 via RT-PCR test Nursing staff interviewed residents and recorded symptoms in residents’ medical charts Follow-up period: 15/3–20 to 14/4–20 | 35 of 126 nursing home residents in a skilled nursing facility with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 | Symptoms, signs, and mortality |
Poloni T. E., Carlos A. F, Cairati M., Cutaia C., Medici V., Marelli E. et al. 2020, Italy [32] | To identify the prevalence and prognostic significance of delirium as the sole onset manifestation of COVID-19 | Retrospective single-centre study based on review of medical charts COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 27/3–20 to 18/4–20 | 57 of 59 long-term care residents in a dementia special care unit with confirmed COVID-19 | Delirium/no delirium at onset COVID-19, comorbidity, laboratory tests, and mortality |
Rutten J. J. S., van Loon A. M., van Kooten J., van Buul L. W., Joling K. J., Smalbrugge M. et al. 2020, The Netherlands [33] | To describe the symptomatology, mortality, and risk factors for mortality in nursing home (NH) residents with clinically suspected COVID-19 | Prospective cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Data were collected via electronic health records Follow-up period: 18/3–20 to 13/5–20 | 1538 of 4007 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, and mortality |
Sacco G., Foucault G., Briere O., and Annweiler C. 2020, France [34] | To describe symptoms and chronological aspects of the diffusion of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in a nursing home | Retrospective cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 17/3–20 to 26/4–20 | 41 of 87 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, attack rate, and mortality |
Shi S. M., Bakaev I., Chen H., Travison T. G., and Berry S. D. 2020, USA [35] | To describe clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with COVID-19 in long-stay nursing home residents | Retrospective cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 16/3–20 to 8/5–20 | 146 of 389 long-term nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, and mortality |
Strang, P., Bergström J., and Lundström S. 2021, Sweden [36] | To examine symptom control data on all reported COVID-19-related deaths in hospitals and nursing homes, using the Swedish Register of Palliative Care (SRPC) | Descriptive national registry data study Data were collected 24/4–20 from the SRPC Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 24/4–20 | 390 deaths of COVID-19: 253 deaths of COVID-19 in nursing homes 137 deaths of COVID-19 in hospitals | Symptoms, signs, and symptom relief |
Strang, P., Martinsson L., Bergström J., and Lundström S. 2021, Sweden [37] | To compare symptom prevalence and relief in residents dying of COVID-19 in nursing homes with residents who were acutely referred to hospitals | National registry study Data were collected 24/8–20 from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care (SRPC) Follow-up period: 1/1–20 to 24/8–20 | 2105 deaths of COVID-19: 1903 deaths of COVID-19 in nursing homes 202 nursing home residents admitted to hospitals | Symptoms, signs, and symptom relief |
Tang O., Bigelow B. F., Sheikh F., Peters M., Zenilman J. M., Bennett R. et al. 2020, USA [38] | To assess the association of symptom status and medical comorbidities on mortality and hospitalisation risk associated with COVID-19 in nursing home residents | Retrospective cohort study COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 1/3–20 to 16/6–20 | 752 of 1970 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, and mortality |
Tobolowsky, F. A., Bardossy A. C., Currie D. W, Schwartz N. G., Zacks R. L. T, Chow E. J. et al. 2021, USA [39] | To assess confirmed COVID-19 cases in a skilled nursing facility in the USA | Retrospective reviews of electronic health records COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR test Follow-up period: 28/2–20 to 16/3–20 | 101 of 118 nursing home residents with confirmed COVID-19 | Symptoms, signs, comorbidity, hospitalisation, and mortality |