Table 5 Multiple linear regression models for predictors of caregivers’ well-being

(1). Physical health

(Constant), overall satisfaction with one’s health (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), feeling physical pain (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), feeling as healthy as others (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), feeling of getting sick more easily than others (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), being free of chronic disease (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), feeling a lot of energy (β = 0.155, p < 0.001), feeling good about one’s physical appearance (β = 0.152, p < 0.001), feeling limited by physical health in the workplace (β = -0.157, p < 0.001), an expectation of better health (β = 0.133, p < 0.001), health stressor (β = 0.076, p < 0.001), state of health (β = 0.090, p < 0.001), feeling of tension, stiffness, or lack of flexibility in the spine (β = 0.041, p = 0.004), ideal body weight for height (β = 0.035, p = 0.017), difficulty thinking, concentrating, or indecisiveness (β = 0.050, p = 0.001), ability to cope with daily problems (β = 0.034, p = 0.015), and frequent high fibre diet (β = 0.027, p = 0.039)

Model summary: F(16, 540) = 350.45, p < 0.001*, R = 0.760, Adjusted R² = 0.919

(2). General health condition

(Constant), feeling spinal tension (β = 0.123, p < 0.001), stiffness or lack of flexibility (β = 0.117, p < 0.001), dizziness or light-headedness (β = 0.122, p < 0.001), sore limb (β = 0.153, p < 0.001), allergies or skin diseases (β = 0.109, p < 0.001), fatigue or low energy (β = 0.117, p < 0.001), being hypertensive (β = 0.124, p < 0.001), asthmatic (β = 0.121, p < 0.001), diabetes (β = 0.093, p < 0.001), incidences of headaches, chest pain, nausea, or abdominal discomfort (β = 0.090, p < 0.001), neck or backache (β = 0.078, p < 0.001), breathless with slight exertion (β = 0.117, p < 0.001), colds, flu or cough (β = 0.087, p < 0.001), history of accidents (β = 0.080, p < 0.001), falling or tripping (β = 0.077, p < 0.001), feeling limited by physical health at work (β = -0.040, p < 0.001), being free of physical pain (β = 0.044, p = 0.001), presence of heart disease (β = 0.053, p < 0.001), sleep free of bad dreams (β = 0.040, p < 0.001), concern about general status (β = -0.041, p < 0.001), always ate high fibres diet (β = 0.049, p < 0.001), job-related burnout (β = -0.048, p < 0.001), alcoholic (β = -0.026, p = 0.019), and willingness to recommend LTC job to others (β = -0.032, p = 0.007)

Model summary: F(24, 532) = 350.45, p < 0.001*, R = 0.921, Adjusted R² = 0.919

(3). Mental and emotional health

(Constant), peace of mind (β = 0.071, p < 0.001), depression (β = -0.065, p = 0.002), job-related burnout (β = -0.084, p < 0.001), personal accomplishment (β = 0.049, p = 0.003), insomnia (β = -0.105, p < 0.001), mental health (β = 0.066, p < 0.001), moodiness, temper, or angry outbursts (β = -0.094, p < 0.001), feeling that work concerns would be addressed (β = 0.083, p < 0.001), sleep free of bad dreams (β = 0.060, p = 0.001), health-related quality of life (β = 0.063, p < 0.001), feeling delighted with job accomplishments (β = 0.061, p = 0.001), being worried about small things (β = 0.068, p < 0.001), tight work schedule (β = -0.073, p < 0.001), sense of belonging in workplace (β = -0.063, p < 0.001), anxiety (β = 0.057, p = 0.001), stress free (β = -0.044, p = 0.014), incidence of colds (β = 0.070, p < 0.001), flu or cough (β = 0.039, p = 0.004), negative or critical feelings about one’s self (β = -0.042, p = 0.015), having no control over one’s work (β = -0.067, p < 0.001), unexplained sadness (β = -0.062, p = 0.001), good level of motivation (β = 0.052, p = 0.001), willingness to recommend LTC job to others (β = 0.034, p = 0.029), being fidgety or restless (β = -0.057, p < 0.001), work-related quality of life (β = 0.039, p = 0.014), health-related stress (β = 0.046, p = 0.003), depressed at work (β = -0.048, p = 0.004), absence due to work-related injury (β = 0.029, p = 0.020), getting recommended level of exercise (β = -0.035, p = 0.008), being comfortable with ‘negative’ emotions (β = -0.039, p = 0.004), being hypertensive (β = -0.028, p = 0.031), breathless with slight exertion (β = 0.033, p = 0.021), ability to handle fear and anxiety (β = 0.051, p = 0.003), excited to be alive (β = 0.036, p = 0.017), overall satisfaction with my health (β = -0.048, p = 0.006), and incidence of nausea or abdominal discomfort (β = 0.032, p = 0.025)

Model summary: F(36, 520) = 163.04, p < 0.001*, R = 0.927, Adjusted R² = 0.921

(4). Stress level

(Constant), emotional stress (β = 0.112, p < 0.001), financial stress (β = 0.230, p < 0.001), relationship stress (β = 0.155, p < 0.001), stress from sex life (β = 0.162, p < 0.001), work stress (β = 0.101, p < 0.001), academic stress (β = 0.141, p < 0.001), family stress (β = 0.121, p < 0.001), unexplained sadness (β = -0.033, p = 0.029), coping with daily problems (β = 0.084, p < 0.001), health stressors (β = 0.060, p < 0.001), quality of personal life (β = 0.050, p = 0.005), feeling limited by physical health at work (β = -0.039, p = 0.004), concern about general status (β = 0.100, p < 0.001), emotional health (β = 0.039, p = 0.006), tight work schedule (β = -0.044, p = 0.002), I seem to get sick a little easier than other people (β = 0.040, p = 0.004), I am healthy as anybody I know (β = -0.037, p = 0.011), quality of romantic life (β = 0.048, p = 0.005), believe that work concerns would be addressed (β = 0.033, p = 0.018), I am free of chronic disease (β = 0.033, p = 0.020), and getting recommended level of exercise (β = 0.029, p = 0.039)

Model summary: F(21, 535) = 270.09, p < 0.001*, R = 0.960 Adjusted R² = 0.918

(5). Quality of life

(Constant), quality of life as a whole (β = 0.116, p < 0.001), quality of romantic life (β = 0.149, p < 0.001), personal accomplishment (β = 0.188, p < 0.001), financial needs (β = 0.150, p < 0.001), health-related quality of life (β = 0.132, p < 0.001), work-related quality of life (β = 0.122, p < 0.001), quality of personal life (β = 0.119, p < 0.001), teamwork (β = 0.124, p < 0.001), physical appearance (β = 0.140, p < 0.001), quality of relationship life (β = 0.140, p < 0.001), handling of problems (β = 0.110, p < 0.001), job-related burnout (β = 0.000, p = 0.006), presence of heart disease (β = 0.000, p < 0.001), having chest pain (β = 0.000, p < 0.001), compassion for work (β = 0.000, p = 0.002), ability to handle fear and anxiety (β = 0.000, p = 0.001), sleep free of bad dreams (β = 0.000, p = 0.006), sense of belonging in the workplace (β = 0.000, p = 0.002), believe that work concerns would be addressed (β = 0.000, p = 0.009), allergies or skin diseases (β = 0.000, p = 0.042), feeling delighted with job accomplishments (β = 0.000, p = 0.033), routine medical check-up (β = 0.000, p = 0.046), adherence to Canadian food guide (β = 0.000, p = 0.008), and getting enough sleep (β = 0.000, p = 0.037)

Model summary: F(24, 532) = 194.13, p < 0.001*, R = 0.999, Adjusted R² = 0.998

(6). Health behaviour

(Constant), healthy diet (β = 0.105, p < 0.001), relaxation (β = 0.135, p < 0.001), adherence to the Canadian food guide (β = 0.114, p < 0.001), cancer screening (β = 0.138, p < 0.001), smoking (β = 0.152, p < 0.001), ideal body weight for height (β = 0.163, p < 0.001), always ate diets high in fibre (β = 0.108, p < 0.001), routine medical check-ups (β = 0.145, p < 0.001), getting recommended level of exercise (β = 0.174, p < 0.001), alcoholic (β = 0.135, p < 0.001), getting enough sleep (β = 0.109, p < 0.001), getting health counselling (β = 0.156, p < 0.001), drinking an adequate amount of fluid (β = 0.112, p < 0.001), avoidance of high-fat foods (β = 0.109, p < 0.001), being health conscious (β = 0.80, p < 0.001), excited to be alive (β = 0.033, p = 0.008), presence of neck or back aches (β = 0.037, p = 0.005), contemplation to quit job or profession (β = 0.025, p = 0.039), anxiety (β = 0.027, p = 0.045), fatigue or low energy (β = 0.035, p = 0.012), incidence of headaches (β = -0.033, p = 0.010), insomnia (β = -0.030, p = 0.022), and incidence of colds, flu or cough (β = 0.026, p = 0.030)

Model summary: F(23, 533) = 312.72, p < 0.001*, R = 0.969, Adjusted R² = 0.936

(7). Turnover and Absenteeism

(Constant), contemplation to change employer or workplace (β = 0.425, p < 0.001), absence due to ill-health (β = 0.285, p < 0.001), contemplation to quit job or profession (β = 0.429, p < 0.001), work stress (β = 0.235, p < 0.001), and absence due to work-related injury (β = 0.485, p < 0.001)

Model summary: F(5, 551) = 76.62, p < 0.001*, R = 0.999, Adjusted R² = 0.998