Table 1 Characteristics of participants at baseline and their comparisons by fall status at 6-year
Characteristics | Total | Non-fallers | One-time benign fallers | Serious fallers | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 906) | (N = 605, 66.8%) | (N = 118, 13.0%) | (N = 183, 20.2%) | ||
Age (years, mean ± SD) | 69.0 ± 1.4 | 69.0 ± 1.4 | 69.0 ± 1.3 | 68.9 ± 1.4 | .875 |
Women (%) | 59.8 | 54.2 | 70.3 | 71.6 | < .001 |
Education (%) | |||||
Basic school | 22.1 | 23.0 | 14.4 | 24.2 | .030 |
Apprenticeship | 40.7 | 42.7 | 39.8 | 34.3 | |
High school | 24.7 | 22.0 | 34.8 | 27.0 | |
University | 12.6 | 12.3 | 11.0 | 14.6 | |
Stroke/TIA (%) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 1.7 | 2.2 | .672 |
Parkinson (%) | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | .109 |
Arthritis (%) | 36.1 | 33.9 | 39.0 | 41.4 | .143 |
Osteoporosis (%) | 10.2 | 9.4 | 7.6 | 14.4 | .107 |
Visual impairment (%) | 1.8 | 1.3 | 0.9 | 3.8 | .088 |
Other chronic diseases (%) | 55.6 | 56.0 | 51.7 | 56.9 | .640 |
Depressive symptoms (%) | 25.0 | 22.2 | 23.7 | 35.4 | .001 |
Pain (%) | 65.3 | 61.9 | 69.5 | 73.8 | .008 |
Psychotropic drug use (%) | 19.5 | 16.6 | 24.1 | 26.3 | .007 |
Subjective memory impairment (%) | 9.5 | 8.9 | 6.9 | 13.4 | .123 |
Balance impairment (%) | |||||
None | 72.7 | 74.2 | 72.0 | 68.0 | .341 |
Light | 18.1 | 17.5 | 19.5 | 18.9 | |
Moderate | 9.3 | 8.3 | 8.5 | 13.1 | |
Walking speed (m/s, mean SD) | 1.17 ± 0.18 | 1.18 ± 0.18 | 1.15 ± 0.16 | 1.13 ± 0.19 | .035 |
Going outdoor frequently (%) | 79.5 | 79.8 | 78.8 | 79.7 | .971 |
More than 30 min outdoor (%) | 72.5 | 71.2 | 78.0 | 73.1 | .314 |
History of falls (over year 2004 (%) | |||||
None | 82.9 | 87.4 | 74.6 | 72.9 | < .001 |
One | 12.9 | 9.4 | 20.3 | 19.9 | |
Two or more | 4.2 | 3.1 | 5.1 | 7.2 | |
History of falls (over year 2010) (%) | |||||
None | 77.1 | 83.4 | 73.7 | 58.2 | < .001 |
One | 17.8 | 14.1 | 22.0 | 27.5 | |
Two or more | 4.1 | 2.5 | 4.3 | 14.3 | |