Table 1 Distribution of general characteristics for study participants (n = 3279)
Variables | Total (n = 3279) | Normal (n = 2881) | Cognitive impairment (n = 398) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, mean ± SD (years) | 69.6 ± 8.7 | 69.4 ± 8.7 | 71.4 ± 9.1 |  < 0.001 |
Age, n (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 ≤ 60 | 599 (18.3) | 539 (18.7) | 60 (15.1) |  |
 61–70 | 973 (29.7) | 868 (30.1) | 105 (26.4) |  |
 71–80 | 1410 (43.0) | 1237 (42.9) | 173 (43.5) |  |
  > 80 | 297 (9.1) | 237 (8.2) | 60 (15.1) |  |
Gender, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.837 |
 Males | 1375 (41.9) | 1210 (42.0) | 165 (41.5) |  |
 Females | 1904 (58.1) | 1671 (58.0) | 233 (58.5) |  |
Education, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 Primary school or below | 1088 (33.2) | 934 (32.4) | 154 (38.7) |  |
 Junior/High school | 2035 (62.1) | 1799 (62.4) | 236 (59.3) |  |
 College or above | 156 (4.8) | 148 (5.1) | 8 (2.0) |  |
Marriage, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.113 |
 Single | 482 (14.7) | 413 (14.3) | 69 (17.3) |  |
 Married | 2797 (85.3) | 2468 (85.7) | 329 (82.7) |  |
BMI, mean ± SD (kg/m2) | 23.92 ± 3.15 | 23.89 ± 3.15 | 24.10 ± 3.18 | 0.235 |
Smoking, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.855 |
 Never | 2575 (78.5) | 2262 (78.5) | 313 (78.6) |  |
 Former | 293 (8.9) | 260 (9.0) | 33 (8.3) |  |
 Current | 411 (12.5) | 359 (12.5) | 52 (13.1) |  |
Drinking, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.236 |
 Never | 2489 (75.9) | 2199 (76.3) | 209 (72.9) |  |
 Former | 155 (4.7) | 131 (4.5) | 24 (6.0) |  |
 Current | 635 (19.4) | 551 (19.1) | 84 (21.1) |  |
Regular physical exercise, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 No | 289 (8.8) | 237 (8.2) | 52 (13.1) |  |
 Yes | 2990 (91.2) | 2644 (91.8) | 346 (86.9) |  |
Frailty index (FI), mean ± SD | 0.098 ± 0.078 | 0.097 ± 0.076 | 0.110 ± 0.084 | 0.001 |
Frailty status, n (%) | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 Robust (FI < 0.15) | 2580 (78.7) | 2287 (79.4) | 293 (73.6) |  |
 Frail (FI ≥ 0.15) | 699 (21.3) | 594 (20.6) | 105 (26.4) |  |
MMSE score | 25.77 ± 3.59 | 26.67 ± 2.44 | 19.22 ± 3.76 |  < 0.001 |