The effect of combining nutrient intake and physical activity levels on central obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity: a population-based cross-sectional study in South Korea

Table 5 Association of nutritional and physical activity factors with sarcopenia and central obesity status: results from multinomial logistic regression analysis

	Model 1: AOR (95% CI)^a			Model 2: AOR (95% CI)^b
	Central obesity	Sarcopenia	Sarcopenic obesity	Central obesity	Sarcopenia	Sarcopenic obesity
Energy intake (per 100 kcal)	0.993 (0.973–1.014)	0.956 (0.934–0.977)***	0.964 (0.931–0.999)*
Level of energy intake
≥ EER	1.000	1.000	1.000
< EER	1.122 (0.878–1.435)	1.616 (1.256–2.079)***	1.321 (0.815–2.140)
Protein intake (per 10 g)	1.005 (0.965–1.048)	0.933 (0.886–0.982)**	0.930 (0.855–1.012)	1.043 (0.980–1.110)	1.026 (0.949–1.109)	0.984 (0.851–1.137)
Level of protein intake
≥ EAR	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
< EAR	0.951 (0.742–1.219)	1.329 (1.034–1.709)*	1.608 (1.013–2.553)*	0.862 (0.649–1.144)	0.965 (0.718–1.295)	1.436 (0.784–2.630)
Level of moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA
Recommended PA Level	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000	1.000
Insufficient or inactive PA levels	1.513 (1.173–1.951)**	1.370 (1.052–1.784)*	3.054 (1.612–5.784)***	1.505 (1.167–1.941)**	1.338 (1.024–1.750)*	2.996 (1.579–5.687)***

Abbreviation: AOR adjusted odds ratio, CI confidence interval, EER estimated energy requirement, EAR estimated average requirement, PA physical activity
All data analyses conducted in the present study were based on weighted estimates with sample weight provided by KNHANES
^a Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, education level, household income, smoking status, frequency of binge drinking, physical activity level, and diabetes
^b Adjusted for Model 1 + total energy intake (continuous)
^* p < 0.05
^** p < 0.01, and
^*** p < 0.001

ISSN: 1471-2318