Sex differences in changes of depressive symptoms among older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from two longitudinal cohorts

Table 4 Association between sex and new-onset depressive symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic

	Crude incidence, n (%)*		Relative risk (95% CI)^a
	The HRS	The ELSA	The HRS	The ELSA
Men	168 (4.3)	255 (12.7)	Reference	Reference
Women	302 (6.3)	488 (20.8)	1.40 (1.16 to 1.69)	1.42 (1.23 to 1.64)
P for differences between sexes	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Data on association between sex and new-onset depressive symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic among participants without depressive symptoms before COVID-19 pandemic were presented
HRS Health and Retirement Study, ELSA English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, CES-D Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression
^aafter adjusting for age, race, education, cohabitation status, current smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, cancer, and CES-D scores at baseline (wave 14 of the HRS and wave 9 of the ELSA), by using modified Poisson regression models
^*P value reported for differences between sexes using chi-square test

ISSN: 1471-2318