Frailty trajectories and associated factors in the years prior to death: evidence from 14 countries in the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe

Jenkins, Natalie D.; Welstead, Miles; Stirland, Lucy; Hoogendijk, Emiel O.; Armstrong, Joshua J.; Robitaille, Annie; Muniz-Terrera, Graciela

doi:10.1186/s12877-023-03736-1

Table 3 Results from the final growth curve models fitted to frailty index measures in 14 countries participating in the SHARE study. Individual effects of baseline age, baseline age², time to death, dementia, education, and gender are displayed for each of the fixed effects (Intercept (FI 6 months prior to death), and Linear growth rate (Yearly rate of change in FI)) in turn

From: Frailty trajectories and associated factors in the years prior to death: evidence from 14 countries in the Survey of Health, Aging and Retirement in Europe

	Northern		Western					Eastern		Southern
	Sweden	Denmark	Austria	Belgium	France	Germany	Switzerland	Czech Republic	Poland	Italy	Spain	Greece	Slovenia	Israel
	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β	β
	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)	(SE)
Fixed Effects:
Intercept (FI 6 months prior to death)	0.229*** (0.014)	0.246*** (0.016)	0.252*** (0.015)	0.279*** (0.014)	0.267*** (0.012)	0.314*** (0.025)	0.213*** (0.015)	0.327*** (0.020)	0.311*** (0.019)	0.249*** (0.012)	0.251*** (0.010)	0.191*** (0.016)	0.245*** (0.027)	0.336*** (0.017)
Baseline Age (+1 year)	0.004** (0.001)	0.004*** (0.001)	0.005*** (0.001)	0.004*** (0.001)	0.004*** (0.001)	0.004** (0.001)	0.000 (0.001)	0.003* (0.001)	0.006*** (0.001)	0.007*** (0.001)	0.005*** (0.001)	0.010*** (0.001)	0.005* (0.002)	0.009*** (0.002)
Baseline Age²	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)
Time to Death (+1 year closer)	0.000 (0.002)	-0.002 0.002)	-0.006* (0.002)	-0.001 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.002)	-0.004 (0.003)	-0.003 (0.003)	-0.006* (0.003)	-0.001 (0.004)	-0.002 (0.002)	-0.004* (0.002)	0.001 (0.002)	0.007 (0.006)	-0.003 (0.003)
Dementia	0.197*** (0.026)	0.141*** (0.025)	0.196*** (0.026)	0.143*** (0.022)	0.134*** (0.024)	0.196*** (0.036)	0.241*** (0.038)	0.169*** (0.024)	0.176*** (0.035)	0.182*** (0.018)	0.165*** (0.014)	0.169*** (0.034)	0.175*** (0.031)	0.152*** (0.025)
Education (+1 year)	-0.005* (0.002)	-0.005* (0.002)	-0.006** (0.002)	-0.005* (0.002)	-0.006*** (0.002)	-0.009* (0.003)	-0.006** (0.002)	-0.014*** (0.002)	-0.010* (0.003)	-0.008*** (0.002)	-0.007*** (0.001)	-0.002 (0.002)	-0.006* (0.003)	-0.006* (0.002)
Female	0.026 (0.014)	-0.005 (0.013)	0.027 (0.016)	0.052*** (0.014)	0.033* (0.015)	0.021 (0.020)	-0.017 (0.018)	0.057*** (0.014)	0.054* (0.021)	0.086*** (0.014)	0.054*** (0.012)	0.057** (0.017)	0.028 (0.021)	0.018 (0.020)
Linear growth rate (Yearly rate of change in FI)	0.017*** (0.002)	0.013*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.003)	0.021*** (0.003)	0.019*** (0.003)	0.031*** (0.005)	0.020*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.003)	0.013* (0.005)	0.020*** (0.002)	0.017*** (0.002)	0.012*** (0.003)	0.006 (0.007)	0.017*** (0.004)
Baseline Age (+1 year)	0.001* (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.001*** (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.001* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.001*** (0.000)	0.001 (0.001)	0.000 (0.000)
Baseline Age²	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)
Time to Death (+1 year closer)	0.001** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.001* (0.000)	0.001*** (0.000)	0.001* (0.000)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.001)	0.001 (0.000)	0.000 (0.001)	0.002*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.001 (0.000)	0.006*** (0.001)	0.001* (0.001)
Dementia	0.021*** (0.003)	0.020*** (0.003)	0.017*** (0.004)	0.015** (0.004)	0.012* (0.004)	0.018*** (0.005)	0.031*** (0.006)	0.022*** (0.005)	0.024*** (0.006)	0.017*** (0.003)	0.013*** (0.002)	0.014*** (0.004)	0.028* (0.012)	0.025*** (0.004)
Education (+1 year)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	-0.001 (0.001)	-0.001 (0.000)	-0.001 (0.000)	0.000 (0.001)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.001* (0.000)	0.000 (0.001)	0.000 (0.000)
Female	-0.002 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.003)	-0.003 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.003)	-0.008* (0.003)	0.004 (0.003)	-0.004 (0.003)	0.003 (0.002)	-0.004* (0.002)	0.000 (0.002)	-0.003 (0.007)	-0.003 (0.003)
Random Effects (Variances):
Intercept (FI 6 months prior to death)	0.024*** (0.002)	0.018*** (0.002)	0.018*** (0.002)	0.023*** (0.002)	0.018*** (0.002)	0.022*** (0.003)	0.012*** (0.002)	0.019*** (0.002)	0.019*** (0.003)	0.019*** (0.002)	0.019*** (0.002)	0.024*** (0.003)	0.019*** (0.003)	0.027*** (0.003)
Linear growth rate (Yearly rate of change in FI)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000** (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000*** (0.000)	0.000 (0.000)	0.000* (0.000)
Residual	0.006*** (0.001)	0.006*** (0.001)	0.011*** (0.001)	0.006*** (0.001)	0.008*** (0.001)	0.009*** (0.001)	0.007*** (0.001)	0.010*** (0.001)	0.013*** (0.002)	0.011*** (0.001)	0.016*** (0.001)	0.005*** (0.001)	0.009*** (0.002)	0.013*** (0.001)
Goodness of Fit (BIC):	5170.451	4607.31	4286.361	5397.893	4489.354	2296.394	2011.174	4792.537	2571.088	5993.559	10186.947	4223.329	1762.040	4013.185

β Coefficient, FI Frailty Index, SE Standard error
*p < .05; **p = .001; ***p < .0001

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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