Table 1 Characteristics of all participants by low and high phenotypic age acceleration (PAA)
Total N = 435 | Low PAA (N = 218) | High PAA (N = 217) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age | 54.8 (52.0–58.1) | 54.6 (52.1–60.0) | 0.42 |
Sex | < 0.001 | ||
 Male | 114 (52.29) | 156 (71.89) | |
 Female | 104 (47.71) | 61 (28.11) | |
Body mass index (BMI), kg/m2 | 23.2 (20.8–25.4) | 23.7 (21.4–26.2) | 0.11 |
Waist circumference, cm | 83.5 (77–90) | 86 (80–92) | 0.004 |
HIV-positive | 160 (73.39) | 173 (79.72) | 0.119 |
Education | 0.71 | ||
 No Education | 3 (1.38) | 1 (0.46) | |
 Primary/Secondary school | 91 (41.74) | 85 (39.17) | |
 High School / Vocational | 59 (27.06) | 65 (29.95) | |
 Higher than bachelor’s degree | 65 (29.82) | 66 (30.41) | |
Employment | 0.30 | ||
 Unemployed | 38 (17.43) | 30 (13.82) |  |
 Employed | 180 (82.57) | 187 (86.18) |  |
Income group (THB, monthly) | 0.17 | ||
 No income | 23 (10.55) | 16 (7.37) | |
  < 10,000 | 66 (30.28) | 51 (23.5) | |
 10,000-19,999 | 58 (26.61) | 72 (33.18) | |
  > =20,000 | 71 (32.57) | 78 (35.94) | |
Low physical activity | 0.030 | ||
 No | 147 (73.87) | 127 (63.82) | |
 Yes | 52 (26.13) | 72 (36.18) | |
Smoking | < 0.001 | ||
 Never | 159 (72.94) | 122 (56.22) | |
 Ex-smoker | 43 (19.72) | 55 (25.35) | |
 Current | 16 (7.34) | 40 (18.43) | |
Alcohol drinking | 0.001 | ||
 Never | 183 (83.94) | 154 (70.97) | |
 Ex-drinker | 15 (6.88) | 38 (17.51) | |
 Current | 20 (9.17) | 25 (11.52) | |
Illicit drug use | |||
 Ever use | 4/210 (1.9) | 2/210 (0.95) | 0.685 |
 Current use | 2/210 (0.95) | 1/210 (0.48) | 1.00 |
HBV infection | 22 (10.09) | 26 (11.98) | 0.53 |
HCV infection | 17 (7.8) | 16 (7.37) | 0.87 |
Diabetes mellitus | 16 (7.34) | 55 (25.35) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 63 (28.9) | 104 (47.93) | < 0.001 |
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) | 6 (2.75) | 12 (5.53) | 0.16 |
Current statin use | 55 (25.23) | 73 (33.64) | 0.054 |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 209.5 (186–243) | 207 (180–240) | 0.30 |
HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 49 (41–60) | 46 (39–54) | 0.003 |
LDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 128.2 (104–155) | 124(101–148) | 0.17 |
Triglycerides, mg/dL | 140 (95–189) | 153 (106–224) | 0.017 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.82 (0.72–0.95) | 0.91 (0.8–1.09) | < 0.001 |
eGFR (CKD-EPI), mL/min/1.73m2 | 93.95 (83.93–99.21) | 85.31 (71.28–97.02) | < 0.001 |
ALT, IU/mL | 26 (20–35) | 29 (21–41) | 0.037 |
AST, IU/mL | 25 (20–30) | 25 (20–32) | 0.46 |
ALP, IU/mL | 3.4 (3.1–3.7) | 3.2 (2.9–3.7) | 0.003 |
APRI, IU/mL | 0.24 (0.19–0.32) | 0.24 (0.18–0.33) | 0.88 |
FIB-4 score | 1.03 (0.85–1.3) | 0.98 (0.79–1.35) | 0.47 |
Albumin | 43 (41–46) | 42 (38–45) | < 0.001 |
Insulin, IU/mL | 5.7 (3.9–8.5) | 7.2 (4.9–11.2) | 0.0010 |
hs-CRP, mg/dL | 0.09 (0.05–0.19) | 0.17 (0.08–0.34) | < 0.001 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 5.27 (3.57–6.83) | 6.92 (5–11.42) | < 0.001 |
Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) | 24 (21–26), n = 218 | 23 (21–26), n = 216 | 0.29 |
Abnormal MOCA (≤24) | 131 (60.09) | 134 (62.04) | 0.68 |
Frailty status | 0.001 | ||
 Robust | 86 (43.22) | 72 (36.18) | |
 Pre-frail | 107 (53.77) | 102 (51.26) | |
 Frail | 6 (3.02) | 25 (12.56) | |