Table 3 Acceleration-based and person-related outcomes stratified by cluster

n = 35

n = 33

n = 20

p value, effect size

Activity

0.39 (0.64)

0.40 (0.80)

−1.34 (0.55)

p <  0.001, f² 1.07

2-3: p <  0.001, d 2.43

1-3: p <  0.001, d 2.84

Gait

−0.79 (0.51)

1.02 (0.55)

−0.30 (0.76)

p <  0.001, f² 1.40

1-2: p <  0.001, d − 3.42

2-3: p < 0.001, d 2.07

1-3: p = 0.012, d − 0.80

Age (years)

85.0 (8.0)

76.3 (7.5)

80.1 (10.1)

p < 0.001, f² 0.47

1-2: p < 0.001, d 1.12

Female, n (%)*

25 (71)

15 (45)

8 (40)

p = 0.033 V 0.28

1-2 p = 0.03, OR 2.93

95% CI 1.08-8.35

1-3 p = 0.03, OR 3.63

95% CI (1.15-12.22)

BMI (kg/m²)

27.3 (5.5)

25.8 (3.2)

26.1 (4.5)

p = 0.374, f² 0.15

–

Multimorbidity

1.6 (0.7)

1.0 (0.8)

1.5 (1.3)

p = 0.013, f² 0.33

1-2: p = 0.014, d 0.80

Health Status**

3.6 (0.9)

3.0 (0.8)

3.8 (0.9)

p = 0.006, η² 0.10

2-3: p = 0.022, d − 0.90

1-2: p = 0.019, d − 0.71

Course health status**

3.5 (0.9)

3.2 (1.0)

3.6 (0.9)

p = 0.294, η² 0.01

–

Feeling of safety (home)**

1.5 (0.7)

1.6 (0.7)

1.7 (1.0)

p = 0.637, η² ‘ -0.01

–

Feeling of safety (outside)**

2.5 (1.2)

2.0 (0.8)

2.8 (1.6)

p = 0.145, η² 0.02

–

Walking aid, n (%)*

28 (80)

4 (12)

13 (65)

p < 0.001, V 0.62

2-3: p < 0.001, OR 12.34

95% CI 3.27-57.69

1-2: p < 0.001, OR 26.25

95% CI 7.55-116.66

Frailty Status, n (%)*

p = 0.21, V 0.18

–

Robust

3 (9)

7 (21)

2 (10)

–

Pre-frail

11 (31)

15 (45)

7 (35)

–

Frail

21 (60)

11 (33)

11 (55)

–