Table 6 Factors associated with PIM use

LTC beneficiaries

No

1

Yes

0.93

0.84

1.04

0.1855

Hospitalization

Yes

1

No

1.08

0.97

1.19

0.1564

Number of outpatient visits

 ≤ 6

1

7–15

1.95

1.71

2.23

 < 0.0001

16–26

3.51

3.02

4.07

 < 0.0001

27–42

5.84

4.84

7.05

 < 0.0001

 ≥ 43

10.30

8.15

13.01

 < 0.0001

Type of predominant medical center

Tertiary hospital

1

Secondary hospital

1.36

1.15

1.60

0.0004

Hospital

1.84

1.50

2.26

 < 0.0001

Clinic

1.51

1.29

1.77

 < 0.0001

Number of medical institutions visited

 ≤ 2

1

3–4

1.96

1.76

2.19

 < 0.0001

 ≥ 5

3.21

2.76

3.73

 < 0.0001

Number of drugs consumed

 ≤ 2

1

3–4

1.42

1.25

1.61

 < 0.0001

5–9

2.24

1.98

2.53

 < 0.0001

 ≥ 10

3.72

3.03

4.55

 < 0.0001

Chronic conditions (Reference: No)

Dementia

1.09

0.97

1.22

0.1532

Mental/behavioral disorders^*

1.43

1.16

1.75

0.0008

Cerebrovascular disease

0.75

0.66

0.86

 < 0.0001

Cardiovascular disease

0.63

0.54

0.73

 < 0.0001

Parkinson’s disease

0.91

0.71

1.19

0.5074

Hypertension

0.85

0.77

0.93

0.0005

Diabetes

1.13

1.00

1.27

0.0414

Hyperlipidemia

0.86

0.76

0.97

0.0166

Osteoarthritis

1.48

1.32

1.67

 < 0.0001