Table 1 Participants’ characteristics and univariate binary logistic regression for exercise and smoking

Age

 60 – 70

229 (46.1%)

–

–

–

 71 – 80

197 (39.6%)

1.61 (0.95–2.71)

2.33 (1.35–3.99)**

0.79 (0.42–1.48)

 81 – 100

71 (14.3%)

0.52 (0.26–1.04)

1.19 (0.62–2.27)

0.44 (0.13–1.19)

Gender

 Male

214 (43.1%)

–

–

–

 Female

283 (56.9%)

0.86 (0.54–1.38)

0.74 (0.46–1.20)

0.02 (0.00–0.08)***

Education

 Did not attend

99 (19.9%)

–

–

–

 Primary

171 (34.4%)

1.61 (0.86–3.02)

1.21 (0.65–2.25)

2.17 (0.89–6.09)

 Secondary

166 (33.4%)

1.94 (1.02–3.67)*

1.50 (0.80–2.83)

1.89 (0.76–5.35)

 University

61 (12.3%)

5.81 (2.00–16.91)**

4.48 (1.53–13.07)**

1.38 (0.38–4.80)

Working status

 Employed

80 (16.1%)

–

–

–

 Unemployed

417 (83.9%)

1.43 (0.80–2.58)

1.78 (0.95–3.31)

0.65 (0.33–1.38)

Residence years

 0–9 years

40 (8.0%)

-

-

-

 10–19 years

65 (13.1%)

2.20 (0.74–6.53)

0.86 (0.29–2.57)

0.85 (0.25–3.04)

 20–29 years

93 (18.7%)

1.45 (0.54–3.93)

0.67 (0.25–1.78)

1.04 (0.35–3.50)

 30–39 years

103 (20.7%)

1.15 (0.43–3.05)

0.65 (0.25–1.69)

0.59 (0.18–2.06)

 40–49 years

196 (39.4%)

1.01 (0.40–2.55)

0.90 (0.38–2.17)

0.71 (0.26–2.26)

Flat type

 3 room

303 (61.0%)

–

–

–

 4 or 5 room

194 (39.0%)

1.37 (0.84–2.25)

2.04 (1.24–3.34)**

0.58 (0.29–1.08)

Multimorbidity

 None

184 (37.0%)

–

–

–

 1 or 2

147 (29.6%)

1.12 (0.63–1.97)

1.12 (0.63–1.99)

2.31 (1.14–4.89)*

 3 or more

166 (33.4%)

1.27 (0.73–2.20)

1.15 (0.66–2.02)

1.30 (0.60–2.87)

Psychological distress^

22.1 (4.40)

0.97 (0.92–1.01)

0.89 (0.84–0.94)***

1.03 (0.96–1.09)

Social networks^

13.5 (6.24)

1.11 (1.07–1.16)***

1.09 (1.04–1.13)***

0.99 (0.94–1.03)

Community attachment^

26.3 (3.78)

1.14 (1.06–1.21)***

1.12 (1.05–1.20)***

0.96 (0.89–1.04)

Exercise

 Never

113 (22.7%)

–

 Some days

202 (40.6%)

0.84 (0.50–1.47)

 Everyday

182 (36.7%)

1.04 (0.64–1.72)

Smoking

50 (10.1%)

0.85 (0.40–1.77)

0.79 (0.37–1.70)