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Table 2 Analysis of influence factors for the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components

From: Trends and influence factors in the prevalence, intervention, and control of metabolic syndrome among US adults, 1999–2018

Factors

 

MetS

Elevated blood glucose

Reduced HDL

Elevated triglyceride

Obesity

Elevated blood pressure

Age (years)

 

20–44

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

45–64

2.75(2.42, 3.12)

3.43(3.05, 3.85)

1.39(1.26, 1.53)

1.34(1.20, 1.50)

2.28(1.94, 2.67)

3.13(2.81, 3.49)

 

≥65

6.48(5.68, 7.39)

7.39(6.47, 8.43)

2.52(2.27, 2.81)

1.37(1.23, 1.54)

3.76(3.12, 4.54)

7.22(6.39, 8.17)

Sex

       
 

Female

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Male

1.20(1.08, 1.33)

1.86(1.70, 2.03)

0.98(0.89, 1.08)

1.41(1.27, 1.56)

0.10(0.08, 0.12)

1.47(1.34, 1.61)

Race and ethnicity

 

Non-Hispanic white

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Non-Hispanic black

0.66(0.57, 0.75)

1.14(1.01, 1.29)

0.62(0.55, 0.70)

0.33(0.28, 0.37)

0.46(0.38, 0.55)

1.88(1.69, 2.09)

 

Mexican American

1.03(0.90, 1.18)

1.52(1.30, 1.78)

0.87(0.77, 0.97)

1.14(1.01, 1.29)

0.58(0.47, 0.71)

0.79(0.69, 0.90)

 

Non-Hispanic Asian

0.92(0.75, 1.13)

1.32(1.07, 1.62)

1.03(0.87, 1.21)

0.97(0.77, 1.21)

0.45(0.35, 0.57)

0.90(0.73, 1.11)

 

Other race

1.36(1.11, 1.66)

1.80(1.48, 2.18)

1.15(0.95, 1.39)

1.29(1.07, 1.55)

0.51(0.41, 0.65)

1.15(0.97, 1.37)

Marital status

       
 

No

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Yes

1.09(0.96, 1.22)

1.03(0.93, 1.13)

1.17(1.07, 1.28)

1.06(0.95, 1.18)

1.13(0.96, 1.31)

0.97(0.88, 1.06)

Education level

 

Less than high school

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

High school graduate

1.00(0.86, 1.16)

0.96(0.83, 1.11)

0.96(0.83, 1.11)

1.00(0.89, 1.14)

0.99(0.83, 1.19)

0.99(0.86, 1.15)

 

Some college

0.88(0.76, 1.02)

0.84(0.73, 0.97)

0.91(0.79, 1.04)

1.02(0.89, 1.17)

0.98(0.81, 1.20)

0.83(0.72, 0.94)

 

College graduate or above

0.70(0.59, 0.82)

0.79(0.68, 0.93)

0.79(0.68, 0.92)

0.86(0.73, 1.02)

0.94(0.75, 1.17)

0.61(0.52, 0.71)

Insurance status

 

Uninsured

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Any Insurance

1.28(1.13, 1.45)

1.16(1.02, 1.32)

1.19(1.06, 1.33)

1.00(0.89, 1.12)

1.37(1.14, 1.64)

1.08(0.96, 1.22)

Income-to-poverty ratio

 

< 1

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

1–2

0.98(0.85, 1.12)

0.95(0.83, 1.08)

0.85(0.74, 0.98)

1.09(0.95, 1.25)

1.04(0.85, 1.27)

1.05(0.92, 1.19)

 

2–3.5

0.86(0.74, 1.01)

0.91(0.79, 1.05)

0.85(0.74, 0.98)

0.94(0.81, 1.10)

0.85(0.69, 1.04)

1.00(0.86, 1.17)

 

≥3.5

0.82(0.69, 0.98)

0.85(0.73, 0.99)

0.78(0.67, 0.91)

0.97(0.83, 1.14)

0.74(0.61, 0.89)

1.03(0.87, 1.21)

Alcohol

 

No

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Yes

0.77(0.69, 0.86)

0.97(0.86, 1.09)

0.74(0.65, 0.84)

0.89(0.80, 0.99)

0.92(0.78, 1.10)

0.80(0.72, 0.89)

Smoking status

 

Never smoked

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Former smoker

1.20(1.07, 1.36)

1.11(0.97, 1.26)

1.03(0.94, 1.13)

1.19(1.06, 1.34)

1.27(1.08, 1.49)

1.03(0.93, 1.15)

 

Current smoker

1.27(1.11, 1.45)

1.04(0.92, 1.17)

1.55(1.38, 1.75)

1.49(1.31, 1.70)

1.11(0.92, 1.35)

0.84(0.74, 0.95)

Activity

 

No

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Moderate

0.90(0.80, 1.02)

0.90(0.81, 1.01)

0.91(0.82, 1.02)

0.92(0.83, 1.02)

0.87(0.74, 1.02)

1.05(0.93, 1.17)

 

Vigorous

0.53(0.47, 0.61)

0.62(0.55, 0.71)

0.70(0.62, 0.79)

0.67(0.59, 0.76)

0.54(0.47, 0.62)

0.80(0.70, 0.91)

BMI (kg/m2) a

 

Normal weight (18.5–24.9)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

1(reference)

 

Overweight (25.0–29.9)

4.44(3.88, 5.09)

2.01(1.77, 2.28)

2.07(1.87, 2.31)

2.60(2.31, 2.93)

27.55(22.69, 33.45)

1.33(1.19, 1.48)

 

Obesity (≥30.0)

16.49(14.20, 19.14)

4.79(4.22, 5.44)

3.76(3.33, 4.24)

4.10(3.63, 4.63)

1136.18(867.74, 1487.66)

2.14(1.91, 2.39)

  1. BMI < 18.5 kg/m2 were excluded; BMI, body mass index