Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to the quartiles of loneliness levels (n = 228)
Variables | N | Loneliness levels a | P-value b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1(n = 67) | Q2(n = 46) | Q3 (n = 58) | Q4(n = 57) | |||
Age, mean (SD) | 228 | 80.3 (6.2) | 81.2 (5.3) | 80.8 (6.7) | 81.1 (6.9) | 0.24 |
Sex | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.55 |
 Male, % | 98 | 47.8 | 34.8 | 41.4 | 45.6 |  |
 Female, % | 130 | 52.2 | 65.2 | 58.6 | 54.4 |  |
Education level | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.58 |
 Elementary or lower, % | 99 | 47.8 | 50.0 | 34.5 | 42.1 |  |
 Junior high, % | 47 | 14.9 | 17.4 | 27.6 | 22.8 |  |
 Senior high, % | 51 | 26.9 | 21.7 | 19.0 | 21.1 |  |
 College or higher, % | 31 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 19.0 | 14.0 |  |
Current smoking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.66 |
 No, % | 198 | 83.6 | 87.0 | 86.2 | 91.2 |  |
 Yes, % | 30 | 16.4 | 13.0 | 13.8 | 8.8 |  |
Current drinking | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.14 |
 No, % | 194 | 86.6 | 89.1 | 75.9 | 89.5 |  |
 Yes, % | 34 | 13.4 | 10.9 | 24.1 | 10.5 |  |
Sitting (h/d), mean (SD) | 228 | 7.7 (3.0) | 8.3 (3.6) | 8.7 (3.4) | 8.4 (3.8) | 0.21 |
Walking for more than 10Â min at least one day in the last week | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 No, % | 23 | 4.5 | 4.3 | 12.1 | 19.3 |  |
 Yes, % | 205 | 95.5 | 95.7 | 87.9 | 80.7 |  |
Moderate or vigorous activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.14 |
 No, % | 198 | 82.1 | 89.1 | 82.8 | 94.7 |  |
 Yes, % | 30 | 17.9 | 10.9 | 17.2 | 5.3 |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.02 |
 Married, % | 60 | 34.3 | 13.0 | 34.5 | 19.3 |  |
 Widowed/divorced/never married, % | 168 | 65.7 | 87.0 | 65.5 | 80.7 |  |
Living status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Living alone | 70 | 23.9 | 43.5 | 27.6 | 31.6 | 0.11 |
 Living with one roommate | 128 | 68.7 | 43.5 | 60.3 | 47.4 |  |
 Living with two roommates | 25 | 6.0 | 13.0 | 10.3 | 15.8 |  |
 Living with three roommates | 5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 5.3 |  |
Overweight | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.66 |
 No, % | 85 | 32.8 | 39.1 | 43.1 | 35.1 |  |
 Yes, % | 143 | 67.2 | 60.9 | 56.9 | 64.9 |  |
Comorbidities | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.85 |
 No comorbidity, % | 69 | 29.9 | 30.4 | 29.3 | 31.6 |  |
 One comorbidity, % | 94 | 44.8 | 43.5 | 43.1 | 33.3 |  |
 Two comorbidities, % | 47 | 16.4 | 21.7 | 22.4 | 22.8 |  |
 Three comorbidities, % | 18 | 9.0 | 4.4 | 5.2 | 12.3 |  |
Hearing impairments | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.19 |
 No, % | 190 | 91.0 | 80.4 | 82.8 | 77.2 |  |
 Yes, % | 38 | 9.0 | 19.6 | 17.2 | 22.8 |  |
Depressive symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.08 |
 No, % | 145 | 74.6 | 65.2 | 60.3 | 52.6 |  |
 Yes, % | 83 | 25.4 | 34.8 | 39.7 | 47.4 |  |
Anxiety symptoms | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 No, % | 204 | 100.0 | 93.5 | 82.8 | 80.7 |  |
 Yes, % | 24 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 17.2 | 19.3 |  |
Sleep disturbances | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.12 |
 No, % | 140 | 70.1 | 67.4 | 51.7 | 56.1 |  |
 Yes, % | 88 | 29.9 | 32.6 | 48.3 | 43.9 |  |
Cognitive function | 228 | 21.1 (4.2) | 20.1 (4.3) | 20.0 (5.2) | 18.7 (5.0) | 0.04 |