Table 1 Baseline characteristics
≥ 65 years | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Total (n = 349) | GOSE score ≤ 4 (n = 233) | Number of patients with data | GOSE score ≥ 5 (n = 116) | Number of patients with data | p |
Age, years | 72 [68–79] | 73 [68–79] | 233 | 72 [67–77] | 116 | 0.036 |
Males/females, ratio | 2.0 | 2.5 | 233 | 1.3 | 116 | 0.004 |
Body mass index | 26 [23–29] | 26 [24–29] | 209 | 26 [23–29] | 109 | 0.896 |
Pre-existing conditions | 233 | 116 | ||||
- Respiratory disease | 21 (6.0) | 18 (7.7) | 3 (2.6) | 0.057 | ||
- Cardiac insufficiency | 17 (4.9) | 11 (4.7) | 6 (5.2) | 0.854 | ||
- Chronic renal disease | 13 (3.7) | 9 (3.9) | 4 (3.4) | 1.000 | ||
- Diabetes mellitus | 58 (16.6) | 37 (15.9) | 21 (18.1) | 0.599 | ||
- Malignancy | 22 (6.3) | 16 (6.9) | 6 (5.2) | 0.540 | ||
- Stroke | 28 (8.0) | 18 (7.7) | 10 (8.6) | 0.772 | ||
- Alcohol addiction | 52 (14.9) | 36 (15.5) | 16 (13.8) | 0.682 | ||
- Active smoking | 27 (7.7) | 18 (7.7) | 9 (7.8) | 0.991 | ||
Mechanisms of injury | 200 | 100 | 0.545 | |||
Road accident | 97 (32.3) | 61 (30.5) | 36 (36.0) | |||
Low fall | 110 (36.7) | 73 (36.5) | 37 (37.0) | |||
High fall | 59 (19.7) | 40 (20.0) | 19 (19.0) | |||
Other mechanisms | 34 (11.3) | 26 (13.0) | 8 (8.0) | |||
Glasgow Coma Scale score | 6 [3–10] | 6 [3–8] | 233 | 10 [5–14] | 116 | < 0.001 |
Severe traumatic brain injury (GCS score ≤ 8) | 239 (68.5) | 184 (79.0) | 233 | 55 (47.4) | 116 | < 0.001 |
Isolated traumatic brain injury* | 162 (46.4) | 108 (46.4) | 233 | 54 (46.5) | 116 | 1.00 |
Pupils (one or two dilated and nonreactive), | 89 (26) | 69 (30) | 229 | 20 (17) | 115 | 0.011 |
Marshall CT classification | 200 | 85 | 0.019 | |||
I: Diffuse injury, no visible intracranial pathology | 9 (3.2) | 2 (1.0) | 7 (8.2) | |||
II: Diffuse injury, midline shift of 0 to 5 mm | 70 (24.6) | 45 (22.5) | 25 (29.4) | |||
III: Diffuse injury, basal cisterns compressed/effaced | 12 (4.2) | 10 (5.0) | 2 (2.4) | |||
IV: Diffuse injury, midline shift > 5 mm | 10 (3.5) | 8 (4.0) | 2 (2.4) | |||
V: Evacuated mass lesion | 82 (28.8) | 57 (28.5) | 25 (29.4) | |||
VI: No evacuated mass lesions | 102 (35.8) | 78 (39.0) | 24 (28.2) | |||
Injury Severity Score | 25 [16–34] | 25 [17–36] | 233 | 20 [12–29] | 116 | < 0.001 |
Severity Acute Physiologic Score II | 55 [44–65] | 57 [46–67] | 231 | 49 [41–60] | 114 | < 0.001 |
Severity Acute Physiologic Score II without age | 40 [30–50] | 43 [31–52] | 231 | 35 [26–45] | 114 | < 0.001 |
Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score | 8 [5–10] | 9 [6–11] | 233 | 7 [4–10] | 116 | < 0.001 |