Association of low-carbohydrate-diet score and cognitive performance in older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Wang, Huiqin; Lv, Yan; Ti, Gang; Ren, Gang

doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03607-1

Table 3 Stratified analyses by age, BMI, gender, marital status and education level

From: Association of low-carbohydrate-diet score and cognitive performance in older adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)

Variables		LCD score level		CERAD word learning subtest ^#		AFT*		DSST^&
Variables		LCD score level		OR (95%CI)	P	OR (95%CI)	P	OR (95%CI)	P
Age, years
60 ≤ and < 65		< 4		Ref		Ref		Ref
		4–8		0.22 (0.09–0.52)	0.005	0.45 (0.24–0.85)	0.071	0.39 (0.20–0.74)	0.045
		8–12		0.37 (0.19–0.71)	0.012	0.57 (0.25–1.31)	0.255	0.56 (0.24–1.30)	0.247
		12–17		0.42 (0.20–0.89)	0.043	0.88 (0.42–1.81)	0.740	0.65 (0.32–1.31)	0.292
		> 17		0.49 (0.20–1.20)	0.145	1.07 (0.54–2.13)	0.850	1.00 (0.45–2.20)	0.994
≥ 65		< 4		Ref		Ref		Ref
		4–8		0.78 (0.54–1.11)	0.194	0.83 (0.60–1.15)	0.341	0.81 (0.52–1.26)	0.410
		8–12		0.71 (0.48–1.05)	0.115	0.71 (0.48–1.06)	0.190	0.68 (0.48–0.96)	0.115
		12–17		0.59 (0.36–0.96)	0.059	0.64 (0.44–0.92)	0.097	0.63 (0.40–0.98)	0.133
		> 17		0.84 (0.61–1.15)	0.299	0.94 (0.61–1.46)	0.797	0.95 (0.57–1.56)	0.848
Gender
Male		< 4		Ref		Ref		Ref
		4–8		0.37 (0.21–0.64)	0.005	0.74 (0.43–1.30)	0.356	0.80 (0.46–1.40)	0.486
		8–12		0.54 (0.29–1.00)	0.075	0.70 (0.39–1.24)	0.289	0.67 (0.36–1.25)	0.276
		12–17		0.54 (0.33–0.88)	0.031	0.77 (0.51–1.16)	0.275	0.77 (0.48–1.26)	0.358
		> 17		0.82 (0.48–1.40)	0.483	1.30 (0.72–2.37)	0.434	1.54 (0.89–2.67)	0.194
Female		< 4		Ref		Ref		Ref
		4–8		0.73 (0.50–1.07)	0.139	0.71 (0.49–1.04)	0.175	0.57 (0.36–0.92)	0.105
		8–12		0.67 (0.42–1.07)	0.127	0.75 (0.45–1.26)	0.357	0.65 (0.42–1.00)	0.146
		12–17		0.53 (0.36–0.79)	0.010	0.71 (0.47–1.08)	0.204	0.55 (0.33–0.92)	0.106
		> 17		0.70 (0.43–1.13)	0.172	0.79 (0.46–1.37)	0.465	0.69 (0.42–1.13)	0.233
BMI, kg/m²
≤ 25	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		1.13 (0.58–2.21)		0.726	0.97 (0.55–1.71)	0.924	0.97 (0.44–2.15)	0.941
	8–12		0.95 (0.43–2.07)		0.892	0.78 (0.43–1.40)	0.447	0.88 (0.38–2.03)	0.774
	12–17		0.61 (0.29–1.28)		0.218	0.44 (0.20–0.98)	0.116	0.78 (0.36–1.69)	0.561
	> 17		1.53 (0.76–3.09)		0.259	1.12 (0.55–2.26)	0.768	1.33 (0.59–3.01)	0.535
> 25 and ≤ 30	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.34 (0.18–0.63)		0.006	0.73 (0.43–1.23)	0.325	0.43 (0.23–0.81)	0.079
	8–12		0.39 (0.21–0.73)		0.014	0.53 (0.31–0.90)	0.102	0.42 (0.24–0.76)	0.062
	12–17		0.38 (0.18–0.80)		0.028	0.86 (0.53–1.40)	0.598	0.50 (0.26–0.94)	0.121
	> 17		0.52 (0.34–0.82)		0.017	0.84 (0.48–1.49)	0.595	0.62 (0.30–1.27)	0.282
> 30	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.55 (0.29–1.05)		0.102	0.63 (0.38–1.07)	0.185	0.86 (0.50–1.45)	0.604
	8–12		0.61 (0.36–1.04)		0.100	0.77 (0.43–1.40)	0.454	0.78 (0.42–1.46)	0.499
	12–17		0.64 (0.38–1.06)		0.115	0.80 (0.46–1.40)	0.492	0.83 (0.44–1.57)	0.614
	> 17		0.70 (0.36–1.35)		0.316	1.10 (0.64–1.91)	0.756	1.34 (0.74–2.43)	0.406
Education
Less than high school	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.60 (0.37–0.99)		0.065	0.85 (0.52–1.40)	0.555	0.77 (0.36–1.63)	0.513
	8–12		1.18 (0.63–2.22)		0.618	0.77 (0.51–1.14)	0.239	0.89 (0.43–1.86)	0.772
	12–17		0.88 (0.54–1.45)		0.631	0.42 (0.26–0.69)	0.013	0.68 (0.36–1.28)	0.275
	> 17		1.61 (0.88–2.97)		0.147	0.63 (0.35–1.13)	0.170	0.77 (0.28–2.14)	0.629
High school or above	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.55 (0.37–0.80)		0.008	0.68 (0.48–0.97)	0.079	0.65 (0.40–1.04)	0.122
	8–12		0.51 (0.34–0.77)		0.007	0.67 (0.43–1.03)	0.119	0.63 (0.39–1.02)	0.110
	12–17		0.50 (0.31–0.80)		0.012	0.77 (0.54–1.11)	0.212	0.65 (0.41–1.04)	0.125
	> 17		0.67 (0.44–1.02)		0.080	1.05 (0.67–1.63)	0.852	1.07 (0.66–1.74)	0.781
Marital status
Married	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.56 (0.34–0.93)		0.041	0.70 (0.42–1.18)	0.217	0.65 (0.42–1.03)	0.104
	8–12		0.63 (0.40–0.99)		0.061	0.68 (0.44–1.04)	0.115	0.57 (0.35–0.92)	0.050
	12–17		0.62 (0.36–1.06)		0.099	0.89 (0.56–1.39)	0.614	0.76 (0.45–1.28)	0.332
	> 17		0.84 (0.53–1.34)		0.479	1.05 (0.67–1.66)	0.834	0.96 (0.62–1.48)	0.856
Divorced	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.63 (0.31–1.30)		0.236	0.68 (0.34–1.36)	0.315	0.81 (0.35–1.86)	0.634
	8–12		0.97 (0.47–1.99)		0.930	1.04 (0.43–2.51)	0.929	1.90 (0.91–3.97)	0.138
	12–17		0.54 (0.29–1.02)		0.078	0.79 (0.39–1.61)	0.544	0.71 (0.32–1.60)	0.439
	> 17		0.45 (0.24–0.86)		0.030	0.38 (0.15–0.98)	0.092	0.96 (0.41–2.23)	0.929
Separated	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		0.46 (0.20–1.08)		0.095	0.71 (0.28–1.79)	0.490	0.52 (0.25–1.09)	0.127
	8–12		0.29 (0.11–0.74)		0.021	0.40 (0.20–0.82)	0.041	0.29 (0.12–0.71)	0.030
	12–17		0.35 (0.13–0.93)		0.052	0.27 (0.09–0.82)	0.055	0.29 (0.08–1.08)	0.107
	> 17		0.76 (0.23–2.43)		0.645	1.64 (0.55–4.93)	0.405	1.10 (0.33–3.68)	0.876
Other^#	< 4		Ref			Ref		Ref
	4–8		1.10 (0.49–2.50)		0.818	0.82 (0.33–2.01)	0.679	1.32 (0.46–3.83)	0.626
	8–12		1.33 (0.52–3.40)		0.558	1.75 (0.73–4.20)	0.267	1.19 (0.41–3.49)	0.758
	12–17		0.73 (0.23–2.28)		0.592	0.23 (0.09–0.57)	0.025	0.30 (0.11–0.86)	0.076
	> 17		0.96 (0.35–2.66)		0.935	0.99 (0.38–2.58)	0.979	0.47 (0.14–1.58)	0.275

Note: Other^#, represents widowed, never married and living with partner; BMI, body mass index; CERAD, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease; AFT, Animal Fluency Test; DSST, Digit Symbol Substitution Test
For CERAD word learning subtest ^#: adjusted for age, education level, marital status, household income, history of diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart disease and stroke, magnesium and the using of psychotropic medication;
For AFT*: adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, marital status, household income, body mass index; history of diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart disease and stroke, magnesium, calcium and the using of psychotropic medication;
For DSST^&: adjusted for age, gender, race, education level, marital status, household income, body mass index; history of diabetes, hypertension, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, heart disease and stroke, magnesium and calcium

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